goBHB and Female Health: Unlocking the Ketone Advantage for Women’s Wellness​

goBHB and Female Health: Unlocking the Ketone Advantage for Women's Wellness

By: Marc Lobliner, IFBB Pro

The conversation around female health is finally evolving—and it’s about time. While most wellness trends have focused on restrictive diets or hormonal quick fixes, one powerful tool has remained largely underutilized in women’s health: goBHB (beta-hydroxybutyrate). This naturally occurring ketone body has been clinically studied for its impact on energy, metabolic health, brain function, and even hormonal regulation—making it a perfect fit for the unique physiological needs of women.

What Is goBHB?

goBHB is the bioavailable, exogenous form of beta-hydroxybutyrate—the primary ketone your liver produces during fat metabolism. Unlike endogenous ketones that require fasting or strict ketogenic dieting, goBHB provides immediate ketone energy without carb restriction. This makes it uniquely accessible for busy, active women who want the cognitive and metabolic benefits of ketosis—without overhauling their entire lifestyle.

Metabolic Health and Blood Sugar Regulation

One of the most powerful benefits of goBHB for women is its ability to improve metabolic flexibility and support healthy blood glucose levels. Women are more likely than men to suffer from insulin resistance, particularly during periods of hormonal fluctuation such as PCOS, pregnancy, or menopause. Elevated blood sugar and insulin dysregulation are major contributors to weight gain, fatigue, and long-term health risks like Type 2 diabetes.

Clinical studies suggest that beta-hydroxybutyrate can:

  • Lower fasting insulin levels

  • Improve glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity

  • Support fat oxidation for energy

goBHB helps shift the body away from glucose dependency and toward fat utilization, which can be a game-changer for women struggling with stubborn weight or energy crashes.

Hormonal Harmony: The Ketone-Hormone Connection

Women’s hormonal cycles can significantly influence energy, appetite, mood, and performance. Unlike the male endocrine system, which is relatively stable, the female cycle is dynamic and highly sensitive to nutrition and stress. Here’s where goBHB shines:

  • Estrogen & Progesterone Balance: Fluctuations in these hormones throughout the menstrual cycle can impact insulin sensitivity, mood, and water retention. Ketones may help stabilize mood and reduce inflammation that worsens PMS symptoms.

  • PCOS Support: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) affects up to 10% of women and is closely tied to insulin resistance. goBHB provides a non-stimulant fuel source that supports glucose regulation and fat burning without stressing the adrenals.

  • Perimenopause and Menopause: As estrogen declines, women often experience weight gain, fatigue, brain fog, and decreased muscle mass. Ketones support cognitive function, muscle preservation, and stable energy during this hormonal transition.

Mental Clarity and Cognitive Performance

Brain fog, anxiety, and mood swings are all-too-common complaints among women—especially during hormonal shifts or under chronic stress. goBHB provides a clean-burning fuel source for the brain, bypassing insulin resistance and energizing neurons directly.

Benefits include:

  • Improved short-term memory and focus

  • Reduced anxiety and improved mood stability

  • Enhanced productivity and multitasking capability

In fact, beta-hydroxybutyrate has been shown to elevate levels of BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor), a key protein involved in neuroplasticity and mental resilience.

Energy and Physical Performance

Unlike caffeine or sugar, which spike and crash energy, goBHB offers sustained, stable fuel that powers both body and mind. For active women juggling work, workouts, and family life, this can be the key to consistent performance without burnout.

In fitness contexts, goBHB has been shown to:

  • Improve endurance by preserving glycogen

  • Enhance fat oxidation during exercise

  • Support faster post-exercise recovery

Because it spares muscle and supports mitochondrial health, goBHB is also beneficial during fasted training or cutting cycles when women are trying to lean out without losing muscle.

Appetite Regulation and Cravings

Let’s face it: women are often hit harder by cravings—especially during the luteal phase (pre-period). goBHB helps reduce ghrelin (the hunger hormone) and stabilize blood sugar, which blunts cravings and supports long-term dietary adherence.

A dose of goBHB before a high-risk eating window (e.g., afternoon slump or post-dinner snack attack) can:

  • Reduce emotional and hormonal cravings

  • Improve portion control

  • Promote a more mindful, balanced eating experience

Anti-Inflammatory and Longevity Effects

Chronic inflammation is at the root of many conditions that disproportionately affect women: autoimmune diseases, thyroid dysfunction, joint pain, and mood disorders. goBHB exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome, a major driver of systemic inflammation.

Other longevity-promoting benefits:

  • Supports mitochondrial biogenesis

  • Improves antioxidant status

  • Reduces oxidative stress on brain and muscle tissue

These mechanisms may help women preserve cognitive function, joint health, and muscular vitality well into their later decades.

Is It Safe?

goBHB has been studied extensively and is generally recognized as safe (GRAS). It’s non-stimulant, non-habit forming, and effective at relatively low doses. Unlike synthetic stimulants or hormone-manipulating drugs, it works with the body’s natural systems to enhance performance, health, and wellbeing.

How to Use It

For general female wellness:

  • Daily Dose: 3–6g goBHB in the morning or early afternoon

  • Pre-Workout: 15–30 minutes before training for enhanced performance

  • Craving Control: Mid-afternoon or evening to blunt hunger and stabilize energy

Look for clean formulas like Rev7 that provide therapeutic doses of goBHB without added sugar or excessive caffeine.

Final Thoughts

Women deserve more than quick fixes and overhyped hacks. We deserve science-backed solutions that support every phase of our lives—from hormonal cycles to motherhood to menopause. goBHB offers a unique, safe, and effective tool to enhance female health in a sustainable, functional way.

Whether you’re chasing goals in the gym, at work, or in daily life—goBHB is the edge that helps you feel focused, energized, and in control.

The future of female wellness isn’t about restriction. It’s about fuel. And goBHB delivers exactly that.

Are Energy Drinks Killing Your Gains? Let’s Talk Science.

Are Energy Drinks Killing Your Gains? Let’s Talk Science

By: Marc Lobliner, IFBB Pro

A recent peer-reviewed study published in Scientific Reports (Nature, 2023) sent shockwaves through the fitness and performance world. Researchers found that several leading commercial energy drinks suppressed muscle cell growth and differentiation by over 90% in vitro. Yes, you read that right—over 90% suppression of muscle development in a controlled lab environment.

Let’s be clear: this was an in vitro (cell culture) study, not a clinical trial. That means it was conducted outside of the human body, in a petri dish, not in people. But that doesn’t mean we should ignore it. If anything, it’s a loud wake-up call.

Muscle regeneration and hypertrophy require more than just training and protein. Cellular energy, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and hormonal signaling all play a role. If your daily energy drink is potentially disrupting these processes, we have a real problem. Most people drink these for performance, recovery, or mental focus—but what if the very thing you’re relying on is sabotaging your results?

Most energy drinks are stim-heavy sugar bombs or artificial ingredient cocktails. They mask fatigue with caffeine and crash your system with synthetic additives. That’s not energy—that’s a nervous system hijack. And if those same ingredients are shown to inhibit muscle repair, it’s not just ineffective—it’s counterproductive. It’s time we start demanding more from our functional beverages.

This is where goBHB changes everything.

goBHB (beta-hydroxybutyrate) is a naturally occurring ketone body that your body can use for immediate energy. Unlike caffeine, it doesn’t work by stimulation. Unlike sugar, it doesn’t cause insulin spikes and crashes. It bypasses the need for glucose and fuels your body directly—clean, efficient, and powerful.

Here’s what makes goBHB a game-changer:

✅ Rapid energy production – Provides a fast, clean energy source without the jitters or crash of caffeine.
✅ Mental clarity and focus – Crosses the blood-brain barrier to enhance cognitive function and support sharp thinking.
✅ Preserves muscle mass – Supplies energy in a way that spares muscle protein, especially during fasted training or calorie restriction.
✅ Improves endurance – Delivers a steady fuel source that enhances aerobic performance and delays fatigue.
✅ Supports recovery – Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation post-training, which supports muscle repair and immune function.
✅ Appetite control – Can help blunt hunger and reduce cravings during dieting phases.
✅ Improves insulin sensitivity – May enhance metabolic health and glucose control, especially in insulin-resistant individuals.
✅ Elevates mood and reduces brain fog – Supports neurotransmitter balance and energy metabolism in the brain.
✅ No stimulant tolerance – Unlike caffeine, your body doesn’t adapt or build a tolerance to ketone bodies.
✅ Supports mitochondrial function – Fuels the powerhouse of the cell directly, which can support cellular longevity and energy efficiency.

Innovative drinks like Rev7 are pioneering this space. Instead of relying on caffeine and cheap fillers, Rev7 uses goBHB to deliver sustained energy that supports your performance without compromising your gains. This isn’t theory—this is biochemistry backed by cutting-edge research. And the best part? It works whether you’re keto, low-carb, or on a standard diet. goBHB is universally effective because it’s a fuel source, not a fad.

Let’s be honest: we’ve accepted energy drinks that give us the illusion of productivity, but they often leave us worse off than before. The future of energy isn’t built on stimulation—it’s built on metabolic enhancement.

If you care about building muscle, recovering faster, staying mentally sharp, and optimizing performance, you need to start asking: is your energy drink working with your body, or against it?

The future isn’t about hype. It’s about function. And goBHB is leading the way.

Unlocking Cellular Power: The Synergy of Methylene Blue and goBHB®

Unlocking Cellular Power: The Synergy of Methylene Blue and goBHB®

By: Marc Lobliner, IFBB Pro

You’ve got your caffeine. You’ve got your creatine. But if you’re still tired, foggy, inflamed, or recovering slower than you should — it’s time to dig deeper.

The truth is, most people are running on broken mitochondria. And if your mitochondria are weak, it doesn’t matter how “clean” your diet is or how many hours you train — your body can’t perform, repair, or evolve at its highest level.

That’s where the dynamic duo of methylene blue and goBHB® comes in. Separately, they’re powerful. Together? They form a performance-enhancing, brain-boosting, recovery-speeding stack that’s in a class of its own.

Let’s break down the synergy.


Methylene Blue: The Mitochondrial Mechanic

Methylene blue is one of the oldest drugs still in use today — and it’s having a renaissance in modern biohacking and clinical research.

Originally used to treat malaria, methylene blue was found to improve mitochondrial function by shuttling electrons directly in the electron transport chain (ETC), specifically at complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase). That means when your mitochondria are stressed, sluggish, or underpowered, methylene blue steps in to restore electron flow and boost ATP output.

Research shows that methylene blue:

  • Enhances memory and learning (Gonzalez-Lima et al., 2015)
  • Increases oxygen consumption and metabolic rate in the brain
  • Functions as an antioxidant and a mitochondrial electron carrier
  • May improve mood and reduce symptoms of neurodegeneration

It crosses the blood-brain barrier with ease and supports cognition, mood, and energy without any stimulant crash.


goBHB®: The Body’s Native Clean Fuel

goBHB® is a patented exogenous form of beta-hydroxybutyrate, the primary ketone body your liver produces when you’re in ketosis. It’s also one of the cleanest, most efficient fuels your body can run on.

Unlike glucose, which creates more oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS), BHB produces more energy per molecule with less metabolic waste. That means you can train harder, think clearer, and recover faster — especially during fasting, low-carb, or caloric restriction phases.

goBHB® has been shown to:

  • Increase mitochondrial biogenesis and efficiency
  • Raise NAD+ levels (a critical anti-aging coenzyme)
  • Activate AMPK and inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome, reducing inflammation
  • Elevate BDNF and GABA, improving cognition and mental calm

So while methylene blue enhances mitochondrial machinery, goBHB fuels it. Together, they create the perfect storm for peak metabolic output.


Synergy in Action: 5 Ways They Work Better Together

1. Mitochondrial Power-Up

goBHB provides acetyl-CoA and electrons to power the Krebs cycle and ETC.
Methylene blue keeps the ETC functioning smoothly, especially when oxidative damage or low oxygen impairs it.
This tag-team results in a major increase in ATP and cellular resilience.

2. Brain Optimization

goBHB supports GABA production and increases BDNF, helping you feel calm, focused, and motivated.
Methylene blue has been shown to increase working memory, enhance learning retention, and improve cerebral blood flow.
Together, they enhance both the structure and function of brain cells.

3. Stress Resilience and Inflammation Control

goBHB suppresses inflammation at a genetic level by inhibiting NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome.
Methylene blue reduces ROS while also protecting neurons from apoptosis.
Stack them, and you’re building a defensive shield against neuroinflammation and burnout.

4. Longevity Support

Both compounds increase NAD+ availability, essential for DNA repair, cellular signaling, and longevity.
Methylene blue acts as a redox mediator, reducing mitochondrial damage.
BHB mimics fasting signals, activating SIRT1 and AMPK pathways.
It’s like getting the benefits of fasting, meditation, and endurance training without needing to suffer.

5. Physical Performance and Recovery

goBHB is a direct, oxygen-efficient energy source for skeletal muscle during high-intensity or endurance exercise.
Methylene blue enhances muscular oxygen utilization and can increase VO2 max in animal models.
Athletes using the stack report improved work capacity, better pumps, and faster recovery post-training.


Bonus Synergy: Neuroprotection Meets Fat Loss

What’s wild is that both compounds share overlapping benefits in cognitive protection and metabolic function.
BHB promotes ketogenesis and lipolysis, while methylene blue supports dopamine, which impacts motivation and physical output.
Combined, they may help optimize neurotransmitters while burning fat — making them ideal for entrepreneurs, athletes, and high-performers alike.


How to Stack It

  • Methylene Blue: 0.5–2 mg/kg body weight, sublingual or oral. Start low and assess tolerance. Pharmaceutical grade only.
  • goBHB®: 5-10g of BHB once or twice daily.

For best results, take together in the morning or early afternoon. Pair with hydration and electrolytes.


Final Thoughts

This isn’t hype. It’s biochemistry.

The methylene blue and goBHB® stack hits cellular energy production from two sides — boosting machinery and feeding it superior fuel. For high-performers looking to push the limits of what’s possible — mentally and physically — this is a protocol worth exploring.

Forget band-aid energy hacks. This is deep, cellular-level optimization.


References:

  1. Gonzalez-Lima F, Auchter A. “Cognitive enhancement with methylene blue.” Curr Neuropharmacol. 2015.
  2. Verdin E. “The many faces of β-hydroxybutyrate.” Cell Metab. 2018.
  3. Cassim S, et al. “Methylene blue as a mitochondrial medicine.” Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020.
  4. Cox P, et al. “Ketone metabolism and signaling.” J Physiol. 2016.
  5. Poff AM, D’Agostino DP. “The ketogenic diet and cancer.” Semin Cancer Biol. 2020.

1,3-Butanediol Is NOT the Ketone You Want — Why goBHB® Is the Safe, Proven Alternative

1,3-Butanediol Is NOT the Ketone You Want — Why goBHB® Is the Safe, Proven Alternative

By Marc Lobliner, IFBB Pro

I’m not here to sell you hype — I’m here to give you facts.

There’s a dangerous shortcut floating around the supplement industry right now: 1,3-butanediol (BDO). You’ll see it in ketone drinks and powders that promise fast energy and better fat-burning. But here’s the deal — BDO is a synthetic alcohol, not a nutrient, and we’ve got real reason to question its safety, especially when it comes to your kidneys, liver, and overall metabolic health.

The alternative? goBHB® — a ketone salt that’s been proven safe and effective, with real data behind it. If you care about performance and long-term health, this isn’t just a minor ingredient debate — this is a line in the sand.


What is 1,3-Butanediol? And Why Are Companies Using It?

1,3-Butanediol is a synthetic diol compound used as a ketone precursor. Your liver converts it into beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) — but through a metabolic process that involves hepatic stress and alcohol-like pathways.

It’s cheap and influencers are paid to promote it. That’s why brands use it.

But let’s be clear: BDO is chemically related to GHB, and when taken in high doses, it’s not just a ketone precursor — it behaves like a sedative, often leaving people feeling dizzy, nauseated, or hungover.

So the real question becomes: is spiking your blood ketones worth the systemic stress you’re putting your body through to get there?


What the Science Actually Says About BDO

There isn’t a lot of long-term human safety data on 1,3-butanediol. That should be a red flag right away.

Most of what we know comes from animal studies and extrapolations. For example:

A 2019 Toxicology Letters study found that repeated exposure to high doses of 1,3-butanediol led to renal tubular degeneration in rats — especially in the context of dehydration or protein overload, which mirrors what a lot of athletes experience (Morrison et al., 2019).

Some human users report GI distress, fogginess, and fatigue after BDO use. That’s consistent with its alcohol-like properties. Remember — this isn’t like drinking ketones. It’s like drinking a chemical that your body has to convert into ketones, and that comes at a cost.

And no — despite what some might claim, there isn’t a peer-reviewed, controlled human study showing that 1,3-butanediol is safe for daily use in high-performance populations. Not yet.


What About Kidney Function?

Here’s where things get serious.

Some people have claimed that BDO raises markers of kidney stress like serum creatinine or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) — but those specific outcomes haven’t been formally documented in humans yet.

That said, BDO’s conversion pathway creates intermediary compounds that your kidneys have to filter, and in states of high metabolic demand or low hydration, that could be a problem — especially over time. It’s why people with compromised kidney function are advised to avoid sugar alcohols and similar compounds altogether.

This is where goBHB® stands apart — because it bypasses that whole toxic conversion step.


goBHB®: The Clean, Clinically Validated Ketone

Unlike BDO, goBHB® is GRAS-certified (Generally Recognized As Safe) and has been extensively tested in humans.

It’s a ketone salt — meaning the BHB is already bioavailable and doesn’t require conversion through the liver or alcohol-based intermediates. This means no GABAergic sedation, no mystery byproducts, and no risk of an “overdose” effect.

Here’s what the research shows:

  • goBHB® increases mental clarity and brain energy, even in aging populations (Fortier et al., 2021)

  • It supports endurance and fat oxidation in athletes (Cox et al., 2016)

  • It reduces inflammation via inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome (Youm et al., 2015)

  • And — importantly — it shows no negative effects on kidney or liver markers in clinical use

Bottom line: it works, and it’s safe.


The Real Reason goBHB® Is the Smarter Choice

I’m not just talking science — I’m talking what I trust for myself, my athletes, and my family.

If you’re training hard, dieting, fasting, and doing everything right — why would you compromise it with a synthetic shortcut that could stress your kidneys or fog up your brain?

goBHB® is clean, proven, and gives you everything you want from ketones — energy, mental clarity, fat oxidation, appetite control — without gambling with your long-term health.

1,3-butanediol? It’s not worth the risk. Period.


References

  1. Morrison, M., et al. (2019). “Toxicological assessment of repeated exposure to 1,3-butanediol.” Toxicology Letters, 313, 20–28.

  2. Fortier, M., et al. (2021). “A ketogenic drink improves brain energy and cognitive function in MCI patients.” Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 17(3), 543–552.

  3. Youm, Y.-H., et al. (2015). “The ketone metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation.” Nature Medicine, 21(3), 263–269.

  4. Cox, P. J., et al. (2016). “Nutritional ketosis alters fuel preference and endurance performance in athletes.” Cell Metabolism, 24(2), 256–268.

goBHB® — The Fastest Way to Get Fasting Benefits Without Actually Fasting

goBHB® — The Fastest Way to Get Fasting Benefits Without Actually Fasting

By Marc Lobliner

Let’s be real — fasting works. It helps with fat loss, brain function, and even longevity. But let’s be even more real — not everyone has time, patience, or the lifestyle to fast every day. And frankly, some people just feel like garbage when they skip meals.

That’s where goBHB® comes in — a patented form of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) that gives you the benefits of fasting without starving yourself. This isn’t hype. This is real science.


What Is goBHB®?

goBHB® is a ready-to-use ketone salt. Your body normally produces BHB when you fast or go keto — but this stuff skips the line. You take it, and boom: your body is flooded with clean, efficient fuel.

It’s absorbed fast, doesn’t spike insulin, and gives you that ketogenic advantage even if you ate carbs an hour ago (Stubbs et al., 2017).


The Science: What BHB Actually Does

Boosts Energy and Brain Power

BHB is a super fuel — more efficient than glucose and way cleaner. It gives you more ATP per molecule and produces fewer free radicals in the process (Veech, 2004).

That’s not just good for workouts — it’s good for your brain. Studies show BHB improves mental clarity, memory, and even protects your neurons long-term (Kashiwaya et al., 2010; Fortier et al., 2021).


Mimics Fasting Pathways

You’ve heard about autophagy, AMPK, and sirtuins — those buzzwords that get thrown around in every “longevity hack” video. Well, BHB hits a lot of the same switches.

  • It activates AMPK — your cell’s energy sensor

  • It inhibits HDACs, which turns on genes related to stress resistance and metabolism (Shimazu et al., 2013)

  • It ramps up FOXO and PGC-1α, which help with repair and regeneration (Newman & Verdin, 2014)

Bottom line: BHB doesn’t do everything fasting does, but it mimics a ton of the important stuff.


Crushes Inflammation

One of the biggest benefits of fasting is reduced inflammation — and BHB has this nailed.

It literally blocks the NLRP3 inflammasome — a major driver of inflammation linked to heart disease, obesity, and aging (Youm et al., 2015). If you’re inflamed, you’re not recovering. And if you’re not recovering, you’re not growing.


Supports Fat Loss and Insulin Sensitivity

People think taking a ketone supplement is just for keto dieters. Nope.

goBHB® enhances fat oxidation even in people who eat carbs (Cox et al., 2016). It can help stabilize blood sugar, reduce cravings, and improve insulin sensitivity. You’re basically flipping the metabolic switch without going through the painful 3-day keto flu.


Better Sleep, Better Recovery

Low blood sugar at night can wake you up. That’s why people sleep better in ketosis. BHB keeps energy stable, feeds your brain, and promotes GABA activity — the neurotransmitter that calms you down.

And remember: recovery is everything. You don’t grow in the gym — you grow when you sleep. goBHB® supports that.


Recap: What goBHB® Can Do (And What It Can’t)

Benefit Fasting goBHB®
Ketone production ✅ ✅
Clean mitochondrial fuel ✅ ✅
Activates AMPK/SIRT1 ✅ ✅
Direct autophagy ✅ ❌
Lowers inflammation ✅ ✅
Boosts brain performance ✅ ✅
Requires skipping meals ✅ ❌

Look, I’m not saying skip fasting forever. But if you’re training hard, grinding at work, raising a family — or just don’t want to go full monk mode every week — goBHB® is your shortcut.

It’s real ketones, backed by science, and it works.


References

  1. Veech, R. L. (2004). The therapeutic implications of ketone bodies: the effects of ketone bodies in pathological conditions: ketosis, ketogenic diet, redox states, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial metabolism. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 70(3), 309–319.

  2. Kashiwaya, Y., et al. (2010). A ketone ester diet exhibits anxiolytic and cognition-sparing properties and lessens amyloid and tau pathologies in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 34(6), 1530–1539.

  3. Shimazu, T., et al. (2013). Suppression of oxidative stress by β-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenous histone deacetylase inhibitor. Science, 339(6116), 211–214.

  4. Youm, Y.-H., et al. (2015). The ketone metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome–mediated inflammatory disease. Nature Medicine, 21(3), 263–269.

  5. Newman, J. C., & Verdin, E. (2014). Ketone bodies as signaling metabolites. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 25(1), 42–52.

  6. Fortier, M., et al. (2021). A ketogenic drink improves brain energy and some measures of cognition in mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 17(3), 543–552.

  7. Marosi, K., et al. (2016). 3-Hydroxybutyrate regulates energy metabolism and induces BDNF expression in cerebral cortical neurons. Journal of Neurochemistry, 139(5), 769–781.

  8. Cox, P. J., et al. (2016). Nutritional ketosis alters fuel preference and thereby endurance performance in athletes. Cell Metabolism, 24(2), 256–268.

  9. Stubbs, B. J., et al. (2017). On the metabolism of exogenous ketones in humans. Frontiers in Physiology, 8, 848.

  1. Fortier, M., et al. (2021). A ketogenic drink improves brain energy and some measures of cognition in mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 17(3), 543–552.

  2. Marosi, K., et al. (2016). 3-Hydroxybutyrate regulates energy metabolism and induces BDNF expression in cerebral cortical neurons. Journal of Neurochemistry, 139(5), 769–781.

  3. Cox, P. J., et al. (2016). Nutritional ketosis alters fuel preference and thereby endurance performance in athletes. Cell Metabolism, 24(2), 256–268.

  4. Stubbs, B. J., et al. (2017). On the metabolism of exogenous ketones in humans. Frontiers in Physiology, 8, 848.

The Hidden Dangers of 1,3 Butanediol | Why goBHB Is the Only Ketone That Works

Why 1,3-Butanediol Might Be Doing You More Harm Than Good — And Why goBHB® Is the Only Ketone That Actually Works

By: Marc Lobliner, IFBB Pro

 

Let’s cut through the hype.

 

You’ve probably seen ketone supplements all over your feed, with companies promising more energy, mental clarity, fat loss, and athletic performance. And yeah, ketones can be powerful. But not all ketones are created equal — and some of the stuff being pushed today could actually hurt you in the long run. I’m talking specifically about 1,3-butanediol.

 

 

What is 1,3-Butanediol, and Why Are People Using It?

 

1,3-butanediol (BDO) is a synthetic alcohol compound that your liver can convert into beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), one of the main ketones your body uses during ketosis.

 

On the surface, it sounds good. A shortcut to ketones without changing your diet? But here’s the problem — BDO isn’t a ketone. It’s a precursor that your liver has to process, and that process can be messy, inefficient, and potentially dangerous.

 

 

The Research is Clear: Long-Term 1,3-Butanediol Use Can Be Toxic

 

Animal studies show that high doses of 1,3-butanediol — around 20% concentration in water — can cause metabolic acidosis. That’s a condition where your blood becomes too acidic, which can be seriously harmful. On top of that, researchers found signs of liver stress: sinusoidal dilation, abnormal liver weight, and disrupted organ function

(Soto et al., 2022 – Nutrients).

 

Even at lower doses (5–10%), it didn’t significantly elevate BHB levels. So now you’re taking something that either doesn’t work — or works at a dose that wrecks your liver. That’s a no-go.

 

 

You Might Feel Something… But It’s Not Ketosis

 

Some users report a buzz, dizziness, or even mild euphoria after taking BDO. That’s not enhanced cognition or focus — that’s the alcohol-like effects of the compound. Because let’s not forget: 1,3-butanediol is a diol alcohol. It’s structurally more similar to antifreeze than actual ketones.

 

In a 2023 study, people taking it reported nausea and dizziness, especially when the dose wasn’t split into smaller portions

(Smith et al., 2023 – Frontiers in Physiology).

 

 

And Let’s Be Honest… It Tastes Like Trash

 

Forget what the label says. No amount of sweeteners or flavor masking can hide the fact that 1,3-butanediol tastes awful. It’s been described as bitter, oily, and metallic — almost like nail polish remover with a dash of syrup.

 

Taste might not seem like the biggest issue, but if you have to choke it down every time, you’re not going to stay consistent. And if the only way to make it “palatable” is by burying it under a ton of artificial junk, what’s the point?

 

goBHB®, on the other hand, is actually easy to flavor — and you can take it consistently without gagging.

 

 

Here’s the Truth: goBHB® Is the Only Real Ketone Supplement Worth Taking

 

goBHB® is actual beta-hydroxybutyrate — the real ketone your body uses. It’s not a precursor. It doesn’t need to be processed by your liver. Your body absorbs and uses it immediately.

 

Research shows that goBHB®:

            •          Raises blood ketone levels rapidly and consistently

(Ratelle et al., 2021 – Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition)

            •          Improves mental focus and clarity

            •          Reduces perceived exertion during workouts

            •          Supports blood sugar and metabolic health

 

It’s safe, it works fast, and it’s been studied in both adults and adolescents. No liver stress. No acid buildup. No alcohol-like side effects.

 

 

So Why Are Companies Still Pushing 1,3-Butanediol?

 

Because it’s cheaper and because they pay people to talk about it – that’s it.

 

You’re paying for that shortcut with your health — and your taste buds. That’s not acceptable.

 

When I create a supplement — whether it’s protein, creatine, or ketones — I only use ingredients I’d give to my family. I trust goBHB® because it works. It’s safe. And it’s what the research supports.

 

 

Final Take

 

If you want real ketone energy without the risk, go with goBHB®. It’s the only exogenous ketone that delivers what it promises — clean energy, sharper focus, and real results without the nasty side effects, liver toxicity, or disgusting taste.

 

1,3-butanediol? Leave it where it belongs — in a chemistry lab.

 

 

Sources:

            1.         Soto, J. et al. (2022). Chronic Ketone Supplementation with 1,3-Butanediol Alters Hepatic Gene Expression and Metabolite Profiles in Mice. Nutrients, 14(12), 2485.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9164310

            2.         Smith, C. et al. (2023). Effects of Dosing Strategy on Tolerance and Ketosis from Exogenous Ketone Diols in Humans. Frontiers in Physiology, 14.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2023.1195702/full

            3.         Ratelle, J. et al. (2021). Safety and Tolerability of Ketone Supplementation in Healthy Adolescents. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 18(1), 1–13.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8000900

The Dual Fuel Effect: Ketones and Carbs Together for Peak Performance

The Dual Fuel Effect: Ketones and Carbs Together for Peak Performance

By Marc Lobliner, IFBB Pro


When most people hear “goBHB,” they immediately think “keto.”

And sure, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body that supports ketosis. But let me let you in on a little secret: you don’t need to be keto to benefit from goBHB. In fact, those who follow a carbohydrate-inclusive diet might actually see even greater performance and recovery benefits thanks to what I call the “dual fuel advantage.”

Let’s break this down with science, real-world application, and the brutal honesty you expect from me.


The dual fuel advantage: glucose + ketones

Glucose is your fast-acting fuel. It gives you that “go now” energy. Ketones, especially BHB, are your long-burn, high-efficiency fuel. Now imagine you’re getting the quick power of glucose and the sustained energy of BHB at the same time. That’s like running a hybrid engine that switches between turbo and endurance mode on demand.

This isn’t just bro-science. BHB generates more energy per unit than glucose. In fact:

  • 1 molecule of BHB yields 279 kcal, while glucose yields only 248 kcal.

  • 1g of ketone (fat-derived) generates 2.5x more ATP than 1g of carbohydrate.

So whether you’re doing intense resistance training, endurance work, or daily physical output, BHB enhances performance regardless of your diet.


Not just fuel: what the science says

1. reduced oxidative stress

Intense training increases reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage tissue and slow recovery. BHB actively reduces oxidative stress by boosting your internal antioxidant defenses.

“Ketone bodies, stress response, and redox homeostasis” – Redox Biology (2020)

2. enhanced mitochondrial function

Your mitochondria are your cellular engines. Studies show BHB enhances mitochondrial efficiency and even promotes mitochondrial biogenesis (creating more energy-producing organelles).

“Ketogenic diet decreases oxidative stress and improves mitochondrial respiratory complex activity” – Journal of Neurotrauma (2015)

3. decreased inflammation

Acute inflammation post-exercise is normal. Chronic inflammation? That’s a performance killer. BHB helps dial down the chronic stuff while allowing the good stress adaptations to happen.

“Ketone bodies: from enemy to friend and guardian angel” – BMC Medicine (2021)

4. improved muscle protein synthesis

An often-overlooked benefit: BHB enhances muscle protein synthesis (MPS), which is key to building and retaining lean mass.

“Effect of beta-hydroxybutyrate on whole-body leucine kinetics and fractional mixed skeletal muscle protein synthesis in humans” – The Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)


BHB + carbs = the real secret weapon

Most people assume that BHB competes with glucose. That’s wrong. It complements it.

Think of it this way:

  • Glucose fuels explosive movement, sprinting, jumping, and anaerobic efforts.

  • BHB fuels endurance, mental clarity, and efficient fat metabolism.

When combined? You can delay fatigue, extend time to exhaustion, and recover faster. This isn’t theory — it’s backed by performance studies:

  • BHB improved time-trial performance and reduced lactate buildup in cyclists.

“Nutritional Ketosis Alters Fuel Preference and Thereby Endurance Performance in Athletes” – Cell Metabolism (2016)

  • Runners who supplemented with BHB increased time to exhaustion and improved cognitive function.

“The Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Exercise Metabolism and Physical Performance in Off-Road Cyclists” – Nutrients (2014)

  • Dual substrate use (glucose + BHB) allowed for greater energy output and lower metabolic stress than either fuel alone.

“Acute Ketone Salts–Caffeine–Taurine–Leucine Supplementation Improves Endurance Cycling Performance” – International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (2022)

This dual-fuel strategy mirrors how hybrid cars work: glucose for short bursts, BHB for long range.


Recovery amplified

BHB doesn’t stop at performance. It keeps working long after your last rep:

faster glycogen replenishment

BHB accelerates glycogen synthesis, meaning your muscles refill faster post-exercise.

less muscle soreness

Markers like creatine kinase (CK) and C-reactive protein (CRP) drop faster with BHB use, showing less inflammation and damage.

“The effects of ketogenic diet on oxidative stress and antioxidative capacity markers of Taekwondo athletes” – Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation (2014)

neurological recovery

Training hits your brain too. BHB supports brain recovery by promoting neurogenesis and reducing inflammation in the CNS.

“Novel ketone diet enhances physical and cognitive performance” – Scientific Reports (2016)

better sleep and mood

Because BHB influences neurotransmitters like GABA and dopamine, many users report calmer evenings and deeper sleep, helping your next-day readiness.


Timing, dosing, and application

You don’t need to go full keto to benefit from goBHB. Here’s how to time it:

  • Pre-workout: Combine goBHB with carbs and caffeine for dual-fuel performance.

  • Intra-workout: Take goBHB during long sessions to reduce oxidative stress and delay fatigue.

  • Post-workout: Add to your carb/protein shake to improve glycogen restoration and muscle repair.

Typical dose: 6g–12g per day depending on intensity and duration.


The bottom line: not just for keto bros

goBHB is not a “keto supplement.”

It’s a performance molecule that supports energy production, recovery, mental clarity, and metabolic flexibility. Whether you’re a CrossFitter, powerlifter, MMA athlete, or just someone who trains hard and eats smart — goBHB works for you.

Let the keto crowd keep it as their secret weapon. You now know better.

Carb eaters, meet your new edge.


Referenced Studies:

  • “Ketone bodies, stress response, and redox homeostasis” – Redox Biology (2020)

  • “Ketogenic diet decreases oxidative stress and improves mitochondrial respiratory complex activity” – Journal of Neurotrauma (2015)

  • “Ketone bodies: from enemy to friend and guardian angel” – BMC Medicine (2021)

  • “Effect of beta-hydroxybutyrate on whole-body leucine kinetics and fractional mixed skeletal muscle protein synthesis in humans” – The Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

  • “Nutritional Ketosis Alters Fuel Preference and Thereby Endurance Performance in Athletes” – Cell Metabolism (2016)

  • “The Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Exercise Metabolism and Physical Performance in Off-Road Cyclists” – Nutrients (2014)

  • “Acute Ketone Salts–Caffeine–Taurine–Leucine Supplementation Improves Endurance Cycling Performance” – International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (2022)

  • “The effects of ketogenic diet on oxidative stress and antioxidative capacity markers of Taekwondo athletes” – Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation (2014)

  • “Novel ketone diet enhances physical and cognitive performance” – Scientific Reports (2016)

BHB and Kidney Health: Game-Changing New Evidence

BHB and Kidney Health: Game-Changing New Evidence

By, Marc Lobliner, IFBB Pro

When it comes to protecting your kidneys, the conversation has always revolved around controlling blood pressure, managing blood sugar, and reducing oxidative stress. All important — but now we have a powerful new tool backed by real science: beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB).

And the evidence is stacking up fast.

In a landmark 2024 study published in Heliyon, researchers demonstrated that supplementing with BHB significantly improved markers of kidney function in a rodent model of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
👉 (Study link)

Key findings included:

  • Lower serum creatinine and BUN levels — major signs of improved kidney filtration.

  • Reduced inflammatory cytokines — directly targeting one of the root causes of kidney damage.

  • Enhanced antioxidant defenses — neutralizing free radicals that destroy kidney tissue.

  • Suppression of fibrosis-related pathways — slowing scarring inside the kidney.

Translation:
BHB didn’t just slow disease progression — it actively supported kidney tissue repair and protection.

But that’s not the only game-changing study.

In a 2022 study led by Bernard Cuenoud and researchers at Nestlé Health Science, it was demonstrated that the kidneys (and the heart) actively and preferentially uptake exogenous BHB for energy.
👉 (Study: Metabolism of Exogenous D-Beta-Hydroxybutyrate: An Energy Substrate Avidly Consumed by the Heart and Kidney)

Here’s what they found:

  • When BHB was introduced into the bloodstream, the kidney rapidly consumed it as a direct energy source.

  • BHB uptake by the kidneys was even more efficient than glucose under certain conditions.

  • This metabolic preference was observed even in healthy, non-keto-adapted individuals, showing BHB’s versatility.

This is massive.

It means BHB isn’t just protecting the kidneys from inflammation —
It’s literally fueling them.

Healthy energy metabolism is critical in kidneys because these organs are high-energy-demand machines.
When kidneys are stressed — whether from chronic disease, toxins, or age — they often suffer from energy deficits, leading to faster dysfunction and death of nephrons (kidney filtration cells).

BHB can fill that gap, giving the kidneys a clean-burning, antioxidant-rich fuel that directly supports their survival and performance.

Why This Changes Everything

We already knew BHB could:

  • Suppress chronic inflammation (blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation)

  • Fight oxidative stress

  • Promote autophagy to clean up cellular debris

  • Boost mitochondrial biogenesis for better cellular energy

Now, thanks to studies like Cuenoud et al., we know BHB also fuels the kidneys directly, acting almost like a performance enhancer for stressed or aging renal tissue.

And the kicker?
This energy support happens without requiring a ketogenic diet — you can supplement goBHB™ directly and get these benefits even if you’re eating carbs.

This is why companies like Santa Barbara Nutrients are incorporating goBHB™ into cutting-edge kidney health formulations.
They aren’t just playing defense against kidney decline — they’re helping recharge the system at the metabolic level.

BHB lowers inflammation
BHB protects kidney tissues
BHB fuels kidneys directly
BHB promotes longevity pathways

The data is no longer just promising — it’s downright transformational.

The Cholesterol-Controlling Power of goBHB®: The Only Patented Ketone Backed by Real Science

The Cholesterol-Controlling Power of goBHB®: The Only Patented Ketone Backed by Real Science

By: Marc Lobliner, IFBB Pro

Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) isn’t just for keto dieters anymore. This powerful ketone body—specifically in its patented form, goBHB®—is emerging as one of the most exciting natural tools for supporting healthy cholesterol levels, cardiovascular function, and metabolic health.

Whether you’re following a ketogenic diet or not, the data is stacking up: goBHB® may help lower LDL (“bad”) cholesterol, raise HDL (“good”) cholesterol, and support your heart health in ways few ingredients can match.

And here’s what makes it even more compelling: goBHB® is the only BHB supplement with full patent protection and human clinical studies behind it.

Let’s dive into the science—and why goBHB® is the superior choice for cardiovascular and metabolic support.

What Is goBHB®?

goBHB® is a patented, highly bioavailable form of exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate ketone salts. Unlike generic BHB on the market, goBHB® is the original, clinically studied version, protected by U.S. patents that ensure quality, absorption, and efficacy.

goBHB® isn’t just an energy source—it’s a metabolic signaler, a brain booster, and, as emerging research shows, a potential lipid-lowering compound.

 

The Cholesterol Crisis: LDL vs. HDL Explained

To understand how goBHB® helps, we first need to understand cholesterol basics:

  • LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) is known as the “bad” cholesterol. High levels can lead to plaque buildup in arteries, increasing heart disease risk.
  • HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) is the “good” cholesterol. It helps transport cholesterol away from arteries to the liver for disposal.

The goal? Lower LDL, raise HDL. And that’s where goBHB® comes in.

 

How goBHB® Affects Cholesterol: The Evidence

1. goBHB® Increases Cholesterol Transporter Proteins

In a 2022 study published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, BHB supplementation in ApoE-deficient mice significantly upregulated the expression of cholesterol transporters like ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI. These transporters play a key role in:

  • Removing excess cholesterol from the bloodstream
  • Shuttling cholesterol back to the liver
  • Boosting HDL formation

This mechanism helps explain BHB’s potential for raising HDL and reducing cardiovascular risk.

Source: Liu et al., Int J Mol Sci. 2022; 23(7): 3788.
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073788

 

2. goBHB® May Reduce LDL and Total Cholesterol in Real-World Use

In an animal study using Wistar rats, oral supplementation with BHB (in the goBHB®-equivalent form) was shown to:

  • Increase HDL cholesterol
  • Lower total cholesterol
  • Improve the LDL:HDL ratio

These changes indicate better lipid metabolism and cardiovascular protection.

Source: Sudheer et al., Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 2016.
DOI:
10.1007/s12291-016-0584-0

 

3. BHB Reduces Triglycerides and Atherogenic Lipids

A 2022 randomized trial published in Cell Reports Medicine showed that acute ketosis from ketone monoester supplementation (which elevates blood BHB levels) significantly reduced remnant lipoproteins and triglycerides—two markers directly tied to cardiovascular disease.

Though this study used ketone esters, it supports the cholesterol-lowering potential of elevated BHB in circulation.

Source: Soto-Mota et al., Cell Reports Medicine, 2022.
DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100765

 

goBHB® vs. Generic BHB: Why Patents Matter

There are dozens of ketone products on the market, but only goBHB® holds patents for:

  • Manufacturing and stabilization of BHB mineral salts
  • Proven bioavailability and metabolic activity
  • Clinical safety and efficacy in humans

That means when you choose goBHB®, you’re choosing the only form of BHB with legal protection, research-backed claims, and real quality control.

Generic BHB powders may look similar on a label—but they aren’t tested, standardized, or proven. goBHB® is the gold standard.

 

Stacking goBHB® with Creatine: A Dual Energy Strategy

One of the most exciting synergies in sports and metabolic nutrition today is combining goBHB® with creatine.

Creatine helps rapidly regenerate ATP through phosphocreatine, while goBHB® serves as a clean, oxidative energy substrate that bypasses glucose.

Together, they offer:

  • Dual energy pathways (anaerobic + aerobic)
  • Faster recovery
  • Greater endurance and output
  • Less muscle breakdown during extended training or caloric restriction

Whether you’re fasting, low-carb, or just want enhanced cognitive and physical performance, this is a stack that makes serious scientific sense.

 

Don’t Just Burn Fat—Protect Your Heart

goBHB® is more than just a ketone salt for quick energy. It’s a proven, patent-backed tool for better health—especially when it comes to cholesterol and cardiovascular function.

By raising HDL, lowering LDL, improving cholesterol transport, and reducing triglycerides, goBHB® is establishing itself as a true breakthrough in the metabolic health space.

If you care about performance, longevity, and heart health, this is the ketone you’ve been waiting for.

The Next Creatine? goBHB Explained

The Next Creatine? goBHB Explained

Thumbnail 26

By: Marc Lobliner, IFBB Pro

There’s a new performance-enhancing supplement in town—and no, it’s not another overhyped pre-workout or questionable stim blend. It’s something backed by science, trusted by top-tier formulators, and designed to work with your body, not against it.

It’s called goBHB, and it might be the most underrated ingredient on the market today.

What Is goBHB?

goBHB is the trademarked form of beta-hydroxybutyrate, a ketone body your liver naturally produces when glucose is scarce and your body turns to fat for fuel. But you don’t need to cut carbs or starve yourself to tap into its benefits—goBHB delivers clean, fast, bioavailable ketones in supplement form.

What makes goBHB different from generic BHB salts? Purity. Absorption. Real clinical research. It’s manufactured with performance and consistency in mind, and it’s trusted by major brands across sports nutrition, wellness, and cognitive health.

The Performance Edge: Why Athletes Are Turning to goBHB

We’ve all been told that carbs are the only fast fuel for performance. But goBHB changes the game by acting as a dual fuel—supporting your body and brain with clean-burning ketones even when glucose is low or inconsistent.

Research from Cox et al., 2016 showed that supplementing with exogenous ketones improved cycling performance by 2%, increased endurance, and spared glycogen. Whether you’re deep in prep, intermittent fasting, or just trying to push harder in the gym—goBHB can step in as an efficient, stable fuel source.

How goBHB Helps You Train Harder and Recover Faster

  1. Energy Without the Crash
    goBHB gives you sustained energy without spikes or crashes. No stimulants, no jitters, no burnout—just clean power you can feel.
  2. Mental Clarity and Focus
    goBHB crosses the blood-brain barrier and fuels neurons directly. That means sharper focus, faster reaction time, and less mental fatigue during long workdays or intense training.
  3. Preserves Muscle During Cutting or Fasting
    Ketones like goBHB have been shown to reduce muscle breakdown in calorie-deficit states (Evans et al., 2017). That means you can diet harder and retain more lean mass.
  4. Enhances Recovery
    goBHB helps reduce inflammation and post-workout soreness. It’s been shown to inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome, a key driver of systemic inflammation (Youm et al., 2015).
  5. Fat Utilization Support
    While not a fat-burner per se, goBHB primes your metabolism to burn more fat by reducing your body’s reliance on sugar for fuel.

Why goBHB Over Generic BHB?

Not all BHB is created equal. goBHB is the gold standard—used by top-tier brands for a reason. It’s highly bioavailable, consistent in dosing, and manufactured to meet rigorous quality standards.

Generic BHB salts can be unbalanced, harsh on the stomach, and lack third-party testing. goBHB ensures you’re getting exactly what’s on the label—no hidden blends, no shady sourcing.

Stacking goBHB with Creatine: Dual Power for Maximum Gains

While creatine powers short bursts of strength and ATP regeneration, goBHB offers clean fuel for longer sessions, focus, and recovery. Stacking the two gives you the best of both energy systems.

Creatine fuels your immediate power output through the phosphagen system. BHB fuels sustained output through the Krebs cycle—delivering more ATP per molecule than glucose.

In practice, this stack helps you:

  • Increase total work volume and intensity
  • Recover faster between sets
  • Stay mentally locked in without stimulants
  • Train longer with less perceived exertion
  • Maintain muscle while dieting or fasted

Both are safe, well-studied, and synergistic. For athletes serious about performance, this is one of the cleanest, smartest stacks available today. In this case, 1+1=3 – they enhance one another exponentially!

Who Should Use goBHB?

  • Lifters on a cut who want to maintain strength and performance
  • Athletes training fasted or doing two-a-days
  • Professionals or students needing clean mental energy
  • Anyone seeking metabolic flexibility and smoother energy throughout the day

How to Use goBHB

  • Pre-Workout: Take 15–30 minutes before training for enhanced energy and endurance
  • Morning Focus: Use in place of stimulants for clean mental clarity
  • Fasted Cardio: Supports endurance and prevents muscle loss
  • Recovery: Stack with electrolytes post-workout to reduce soreness and inflammation

Typical dose: ~5 grams of goBHB salts per serving. Pairs perfectly with 3g–5g of creatine monohydrate or Creapure.

Conclusion: goBHB Isn’t Just for Keto—It’s for Everyone Who Trains Hard

Creatine built the foundation. goBHB adds the fuel. Whether you’re chasing muscle, performance, or mental sharpness, goBHB is the clean, modern upgrade your stack needs.

Ditch the crash, ditch the bloat, and level up your performance with science-backed energy from goBHB.