Category: White Papers

The World’s Most Powerful Science Backed Ingredient.

SERIES 2 – BHB, THE FOURTH MACRONUTRIENT:

Unveiling the Power of Beta-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in ATP Production

In the realm of nutrition and metabolism, the commonly recognized macronutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. However, emerging research highlights the significance of exogenous Beta- Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) as an already refined and potent “4th macronutrient.” Unlike its more familiar counterparts, BHB offers a unique and efficient pathway for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production (the body’s energy currency), positioning BHB as a superior source of cellular energy with remarkable advantages over glucose.

This paper aims to elucidate the pivotal role of ATP in the body, the mechanisms of its production, and the exceptional efficacy of BHB in generating ATP with minimal oxidative stress.

The Energy Currency of Life: Understanding ATP

ATP, often referred to as the body’s energy currency of the cell, is indispensable for virtually all biological processes. It powers muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, chemical synthesis, and active transport across cell membranes. Structurally, ATP consists of an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. The energy is stored in the high-energy phosphate bonds, and when ATP is hydrolyzed into adenosine

diphosphate (ADP) an inorganic phosphate (Pi) releases the energy required for all cellular activities.ATP is primarily created in the mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell, through a process called “oxidative phosphorylation” during cellular respiration. Additionally, ATP can be produced in the cytoplasm through glycolysis, albeit much less efficiently. The generation of ATP is analogous to electricity production from power plants that provides the electricity that powers our homes, cars, and tools. ATP fuels the biochemical machinery of life in our bodies.

Mechanism of ATP Production from Beta-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB)

Beta-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body. It can be produced endogenously by the liver during periods of low carbohydrate intake, fasting, or ketogenic diets. BHB can also be administered exogenously now through goBHB. BHB serves as an alternative energy source to glucose, especially for the brain and muscles. Now it can be obtained through exogenous supplementation in a glucose fed state. Here’s a step-by-step explanation of how BHB is converted into ATP:

• Transport into Cells:
  — BHB is transported from the bloodstream into cells via monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs).
• Conversion to Acetoacetate:
  — Inside the cell, BHB is converted back to acetoacetate by the enzyme beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. This reaction takes place in the mitochondria and involves the reduction of NAD+ to NADH.
• Activation to Acetoacetyl-CoA:
  — Acetoacetate is then activated to acetoacetyl-CoA by the enzyme succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA transferase (also known as SCOT or OXCT1). This step bypasses the need for ATP, which is a significant advantage over glycolysis.)
• Cleavage to Acetyl-CoA:
  — Acetoacetyl-CoA is cleaved into two molecules of acetylCoA by the enzyme thiolase. This acetyl-CoA can then enter the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle).
• Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation:
  — Krebs Cycle: The acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle, where it undergoes a series of reactions to produce NADH and FADH2.
  — Electron Transport Chain (ETC): NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the ETC in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The flow of electrons through the ETC drives the pumping of protons across the mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient.
• ATP Synthase:
  — The proton gradient powers ATP synthase, an enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).

BHB: A Superior Source of ATP

BHB, is referred to as the body’s preferred fuel. It provides an alternative energy source to glucose and has very efficient pathway for ATP production. BHB, can then be utilized by various tissues, especially the brain and muscles, as a direct energy source. Here is why BHB is a superior source for producing ATP:

1. Enhanced ATP Yield: BHB metabolism produces more ATP per molecule compared to glucose. BHB enters the mitochondria and is converted into acetyl-CoA, which then enters the Krebs cycle. The subsequent oxidative phosphorylation of BHBderived substrates yields more ATP molecules with fewer steps compared to glucose metabolism.
2. Reduced Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production: One of the remarkable benefits of BHB metabolism is its lower production of ROS compared to glucose metabolism. ROS are byproducts of cellular respiration that can cause oxidative damage to cells and tissues, contributing to aging and various diseases. BHB’s cleaner ATP production process minimizes oxidative stress, promoting better cellular health.
3. Gold Standard of Cellular Energy: Due to its efficient ATP production and reduced oxidative stress, BHB can be considered the gold standard of cellular energy. Its role in sustaining energy levels during metabolic states where glucose is scarce underscores its importance as a macronutrient.

Advantages of BHB in ATP Production

1. Higher ATP Yield:
   — The conversion of BHB to ATP is more efficient than glycolysis and glucose metabolism, as BHB produces more reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH2) that feed into the ETC, resulting in a higher ATP yield.
2. Reduced Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production:
   — BHB metabolism produces fewer reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to glucose metabolism. ROS are highly active and harmful byproducts that can damage cells and tissues. Lower ROS production means less oxidative stress and cellular damage.
3. Alternative Energy Source:
   — BHB provides a crucial energy source during periods of low carbohydrate availability, ensuring that critical organs like the brain continue to receive a steady supply of energy.

Summary and Conclusion

The production of ATP from BHB involves a pathway that not only yields a higher amount of ATP, but also produces less oxidative stress compared to glucose metabolism, highlighting the efficiency and advantages of BHB as an energy source.

Beta-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) stands out as a formidable 4th macronutrient, offering a superior pathway for ATP production compared to traditional glucose metabolism. Its efficient conversion to ATP with minimal ROS generation positions BHB as an exceptional source of cellular energy, potentially redefining our understanding of macronutrients. As research continues to unveil the benefits of BHB, its role in nutrition and metabolism may become increasingly prominent, offering new avenues for optimizing human health and performance.

The World’s Most Powerful Science Backed Ingredient.

SERIES 1 – THE FACTS ABOUT 1,3 BUTANEDIOL

Beta Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is considered the gold standard of clean cellular energy.

• BHB is more efficient than glucose at producing energy. It can be converted into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the body’s main energy currency, more quickly and easily than glucose.
• BHB does not require insulin to carry it into the cell.
• BHB is preferred by the brain, heart, kidney, and almost every other cell in the body over glucose.
• BHB produces far less damaging free radicals (ROS) and increases levels of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), a protein that helps to promote the growth and repair of cells.

The utilization of BHB in promoting superior performance and health is well documented.

What is 1,3 Butanediol? Chemically 1,3 butanediol IS AN ALCOHOL that can be converted through the liver into BHB. It ISN’T a ketone body like BHB. 1.3 butanediol is what you call a “ketone precursor,” a substance capable of converting into BHB in the liver to increase BHB levels in the blood. However, the ability of 1,3 butanediol to convert into BHB does not necessarily mean that supplementing with 1,3-butanediol will result in the desired increased levels of BHB in the blood or the side effects that come from the conversion.

The Process the Liver Goes Through to Convert 1,3-butanediol into BHB: Converting 1,3-butanediol into BHB must be done in the liver. Converting 1,3-butanediol to BHB is a complex enzymatic process that is subject to a variety of factors, including the individual’s metabolic state and the presence of other nutrients in the body necessary to fully metabolize the 1,3-butanediol. It cannot be directly absorbed into the blood like BHB. The conversion is done through a metabolic pathway known as the 1,3-butanediol pathway. In this pathway, because 1,3-butanediol is an alcohol, it must first be converted to beta-hydroxybutyraldehyde (BHBA) by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). BHBA must then be oxidized to form BHB by the enzyme beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH).

The Energy Cost of Conversion: Converting 1,3 butanediol into BHB takes time and ATP energy. In a most recent study by NNB Labs entitled “The Impact of Different BHB Substates and Precursors on Liver ATP,” 1,3 butanediol consumed 89.1 mg/ min of ATP to convert 12.5g of 1,3 -butanediol into BHB. This is in contrast to BHB acid which provides 13.6 mg/min of ATP to the liver in transporting it into the blood within a 2 hour period of time. This equated to a comparative loss of 755% in ATP liver energy using 1,3, butanediol as a BHB source versus BHB acid in supplying BHB into the blood with similar dosages.

The Risks of 1,3, butanediol: While 1,3-butanediol is recognized as safe for consumption and even marketed as a vodka substitute (such as in products like Ketohol), its classification as an alcohol raises potential concerns. Similar to other alcohols, it necessitates processing by the liver, which could impact liver function over time. Additionally, from a performance perspective, 1,3-butanediol may pose challenges due to its impact on ATP energy levels, potentially impairing physical and cognitive function compared to non- alcoholic BHB sources.

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Here are some of the key concerns of 1,3 Butanediol:

1. Dehydration: Alcohol is a diuretic, which means it increases urine production which can lead to dehydration. Dehydration can impair athletic performance, as it can lead to fatigue, muscle cramps, and decreased endurance.
2. Impaired coordination: Alcohol can impair coordination, reaction time, and balance. This can be dangerous for athletes who require precision and coordination.
3. Reduced muscle growth and recovery: Alcohol consumption can reduce protein synthesis, which is the process by which muscles grow and repair. This can lead to slower recovery times after exercise and reduced muscle growth over time.
4. Decreased endurance: Alcohol consumption can decrease endurance and performance during aerobic exercise, such as running or cycling.
5. Reduced mental focus: Alcohol consumption can impair cognitive function and reduce mental focus, making it more difficult for athletes to concentrate and perform at their best.

The Side Effects of 1,3 butanediol: The literature also identifies 1,3-butandiol can cause a range of adverse health effects, including drowsiness, dizziness, and loss of coordination. Additionally, long term consumption of 1,3-Butanediol has been linked to the development of liver and kidney damage, as well as respiratory problems such as asthma.

Here are a few studies highlighting the risks of using 1,3 butanediol:

• In a recent study presented at the 4th International Keto Live® Conference in Switzerland, conducted by Csilla Ari, Dominic D’Agostino, and Zsolt Kovacs, called “Review of exogenous ketone supplements with enantiomer and concentration dependent effects,” showed the liver damage after administration of 1, 3, butanediol and ketone esters after 100 days in tissue histology. This is in contrast to administration of ketone salts (which contain BHB acid + electrolytes), and noted these are the most suitable exogenous ketones for chronic administration.
• A study published in the journal “Clinical Toxicology” in 2006 found that 1,3-butanediol can cause kidney damage in rats. The study found that rats that were given high doses of 1,3-butanediol for 12 weeks had significant damage to their kidneys. This damage was similar to the damage that is seen in people who have kidney disease.
• A study published in the journal “Neurotoxicology and Teratology” in 2008 found that 1,3-butanediol can cause neurotoxicity in rats. The study found that rats that were given high doses of 1,3-butanediol for 12 weeks had significant damage to their brains and spinal cords. This damage led to neurological problems, such as seizures, coma, and death.

The Taste is Horrible: Beyond 1,3 butanediol’s reduced effectiveness and inherent risks compared to BHB acid, 1,3-butanediol has an incredibly unpleasant taste. It is often described as having a very chemical or medicinal after taste, while BHB acid is often described as having a more natural or slightly sweet fruity taste. And from a price perspective, 1,3 butanediol is more expensive per gram than BHB acid in either a liquid or electrolyte acid powder form.

The Choice is Clear: 1,3 butanediol is a “want to be BHB,” and is no match for the authentic, gold standard of clean cellular energy of BHB.

The World’s Most Powerful Science Backed Ingredient.

Enhanced focus, reaction time, and cognitive function all result from taking BHB. Gamers Edge is formulated to support a. gamers’ demanding needs and habits when locked in digital competition, pushing the boundaries of strategy, focus and reflexes. Every click, every keystroke is a quest for the ultimate win, that is why gamers need Gamer’s Edge. Gamers represent a massive and engaged market eager for innovative solutions to elevate their experience. There are now over 3 billion gamers.

PRODUCT DESIGN:

Mental clarity and reaction time are crucial. This product combines the high mental sustained ATP energy of BHB with a unique set of other brain and eye enhancement micronutrients and electrolytes to fill the demands for optimal gaming performance without the distortion, crashes and fatigue from stimulants. Since gamers often maintain unconventional schedules, the formula must also promote better sleep quality and recovery.

TARGET AUDIENCES:

• Competitive Gamers: eSport competitors seeking any edge to improve reaction times, focus, and endurance during intense matches and tournaments.
• Serious Amateurs: Highly engaged players who want to perform their best in online competitions and ranked play.
• Dedicated Streamers: Need consistent energy for long streaming sessions and to maintain a high level of interaction and entertainment.
• Marathon Gamers: Prone to extended, all-night sessions; need to combat fatigue and maintain performance.
• Completionists: Driven to finish games at 100%, often putting in long hours for achievement hunting.
• Busy Professionals: Limited gaming time; want to maximize performance and enjoyment in short sessions.
• Health-Conscious Gamers: Interested in alternatives to sugary energy drinks, seeking a more balanced and sustainable energy source.

POTENTIAL MESSAGING:

• Gain the Edge: Enhance your reaction time, mental clarity, and overall performance with our unique blend of BHB ketones, cognitive boosters, and eye-health support.
• Limitless Gaming: Designed for gamers who push their boundaries. Achieve sustained energy, razor-sharp focus, and optimize your mind and body for maximum gaming performance.

The World’s Most Powerful Science Backed Ingredient.

INTRODUCTION

The Flow State, characterized by intense focus, effortless action, and intrinsic enjoyment, has been linked to brain energy metabolism. New evidence implicates a strong connection between brain energy metabolism and the ability to achieve this desirable state. We believe the L-enantiomer (L-BHB) is capable of inducing and maintaining Flow States.

UNDERSTANDING FLOW: A NEUROBIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Flow is associated with specific brain network configurations reflecting:

• Reduced self-referential processing: Diminished activity in brain areas associated with introspection frees up cognitive resources for the task at hand.
• Suppression of negative thought patterns: Dampened erratic energy patterns in regions linked to anxiety and worry promote mental clarity.
• Activation of reward centers: Enhanced activity in neurotransmitters activating dopamine and norepinephrine, known to be involved in motivation, reward-related structures, reinforces positive feelings and focus.

UNLOCKING THE FLOW STATE

The Flow Model provides a framework for at least understanding the elusive state of flow, that is characterized by intense focus, effortless action, and intrinsic enjoyment. This model emphasizes a delicate balance between the perceived challenge of a task and an individual’s skill level in accomplishing that task. When those are in alignment the task appears easy to do and is often accomplished quickly with perceived ease and accuracy.

“When the challenge matches the skills to meet the challenge, where a state of super competence is reached without boredom, with an absence of real fear of failure, the “flow state” is attained.”

HERE ARE WHAT WE HAVE DETERMINED TO BE THE FLOW STATE CONDITIONS:

1.Skill vs. Challenge:

• The Core of Flow: Flow arises from the delicate balance between perceived skill and the perceived challenge of a task. A person needs to feel capable, but not to the point of boredom. The challenge must stretch their abilities without causing overwhelming anxiety or doubt of capability.
• High Skill, High Challenge: The optimal “flow zone” resides with a high level of both perceived skill and challenge. Tasks in this zone are motivating and lead to very high feelings of accomplishment.
• Other Zones:
  – Boredom: Occurs with high skill but low challenge. Tasks feel monotonous and unfulfilling.
  – Anxiety: Arises when perceived challenge exceeds skill. People may feel overwhelmed, leading to worry and reduced performance.
  – Apathy: Results when both skill and challenge are low, leading to disinterest and lack of motivation.

2. Action and Awareness Merging:

• Immersion: In a flow state, one becomes fully engrossed in the task. The boundaries between the self and the activity seem to dissolve, creating a sense of effortlessness and a loss of time perception.

3. Clear Goals:

• Well-Defined Purpose: Flow experiences often occur in activities with well-defined goals that provide direction and focus.

4. Immediate Feedback:

• Informative Response: Flow thrives on rapid feedback helping adjust course and evaluating progress towards the goal. This immediate feedback helps maintain focus and engagement, thus keeping one “in the flow.”

5. Sense of Control:

• Feeling in Charge: Individuals in flow feel a sense of control over the situation despite the task’s difficulty. They believe they can influence outcomes through their actions.

6. Distorted Perception of Time:

• Time Flies: Time perception shifts in flow states. Hours might feel like minutes as immersion deepens.

7. Autotelic Experience:

Intrinsically Rewarding: Flow is its own reward. The activity itself is pleasurable and motivating, regardless of external goals or recognition. The state becomes intrinsically desirable in and of itself, pushing people to want that feeling all the time.

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE FLOW STATE:

• Individual Variability: While these factors generally promote flow, individual responses can vary. Some people may find it easier to enter flow states during specific activities or under certain conditions than others. This variability can be due to differences in personality, skill sets, and preferences.
• Dynamic Nature: Flow is not a constant state; it naturally fluctuates. It’s unrealistic to expect to maintain a flow state indefinitely. Recognizing the ebb and flow of this experience can help manage expectations and avoid frustration when it dissipates.
• Reproducibility Challenge: The most significant challenge with flow is its inherent unpredictability. Even when attempting to recreate the same conditions that previously induced flow, it may not always occur. This is a common frustration, highlighting the need for tools and techniques that can help individuals reliably access and sustain flow states.

THE ROLE OF BETA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE (BHB) AS IT RELATES TO FLOW

BHB, a ketone body endogenously produced during fasting or lowcarb diets, can also be supplemented exogenously, even when glucose is present. The brain can efficiently utilize BHB as an alternative energy source to glucose and often preferentially over glucose.

HERE’S WHY BHB MIGHT BE THE KEY TO FLOW:

• Enhanced Energy Stability: Compared to glucose, BHB provides a steadier, more sustainable energy supply for the brain. This is due to its efficient metabolism, which generates fewer harmful byproducts (reactive oxygen species) that can disrupt neural activity. BHB also supports mitochondrial function, boosting cellular energy production and minimizing distracting energy fluctuations.
• Neurotransmitter Modulation: BHB influences neurotransmitters crucial for focus, relaxation, and cognitive function. It may enhance the production of GABA, the brain’s primary calming neurotransmitter, promoting a state of mental tranquility conducive to flow. Additionally, BHB could optimize glutamate signaling, facilitating the smooth, interconnected thought processes necessary for optimal performance.
• Neuroplasticity and Neuroprotection: BHB may support neuronal health, adaptability, and resilience. It could promote the growth and strengthening of connections between neurons (synapses), enabling the fluidity of brain networks that characterize flow experiences. Furthermore, its potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties might protect brain cells from stress and damage, preserving the focused state required for flow.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF L-BHB IN INDUCING FLOW

D-BHB, is the enantiomeric form of BHB endogenously produced by the body through ketogenesis when glucose levels are low. D-BHB is the most widely studied and most often referred to as the BHB energy molecule. Although L-BHB can also serve as an enhanced ATP energy source, the emerging research suggests that the less-studied L-BHB potentially holds greater potential for flow induction.

HERE’S WHY:

• Astrocyte Preference: Astrocytes, star-shaped glial cells crucial for brain function, exhibit a preference for utilizing BHB as an energy source. This is particularly true of the L-BHB.
• Neurotransmitter Modulation: The metabolism of L-BHB by astrocytes can influence the production and release of neurotransmitters like GABA and glutamate. Their regulation is crucial for maintaining the focused, relaxed mental state associated with flow.
• Steady Energy for Neurons: Constant, reliable feeding of astrocytes by L-BHB could promote a stable energy supply for surrounding neurons. This minimizes the disruptive energy fluctuations commonly seen with glucose metabolism, which can derail flow.
• Homeostatic Brain Energy Environment: By optimizing astrocyte function and energy delivery to neurons, L-BHB might promote a highly homeostatic brain energy environment. This steady state could be ideal for the activation and maintenance of brain networks necessary for flow experiences.

THIS ALL LEADS TO:

• Potential Superiority for Flow Induction: Preliminary evidence indicates L-BHB may possess unique properties affecting brain energy dynamics and signaling pathways highly relevant to inducing and sustaining flow states.
• Brain Affinity of L-BHB: The effects of L-BHB on cognition and mental states, particularly the sectors of the flow model, could be the key to unlocking the reproducibility of inducing the flow state and the type of energy needed to maintain the flow state.

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON L-BHB AND FLOW EXPERIENCES

While rigorous scientific investigation is on-going, preliminary observations linking L-BHB administration to the induction of flow states has strong preliminary evidence.

• Study Description: In informal, self-reported studies, we administered 10g-15g doses of L-BHB to over 25 individuals. Participants were asked to characterize their experiences following L-BHB ingestion.
• Reported Effects: All individuals reported subjective experiences consistent with flow states. Common descriptions included:
  – Enhanced ability to multitask and manage multiple cognitive processes simultaneously.
  – Increased perceptual clarity and heightened senses.
  – Simplified perception of tasks, making activities feel more effortless.
  – A sense of mental euphoria while engaged in activities.
  – Complete lack of fear, stress and anxiety when they resumed their activities, believing there was nothing stopping them from being successful.
• Implications These preliminary observations, while not clinical in nature, require further scientific investigation to provide validation that L-BHB administered to promote mental conditions conducive to entering a flow state are noted as obvious and repeatable. Further research is being conducted to elevate the knowledge of these effects and determine the exact mechanisms involved for reproducing the flow state through administering L-BHB.

GAMERS AND THE PROPENSITY FOR FLOW – USING L-BHB TO ENHANCE GAME FLOW

Gamers may be particularly prone to experiencing flow states due to the inherent nature of well-designed games. Here’s why:

• Skill-Challenge Alignment: Many games offer a carefully calibrated progression of difficulty, constantly matching challenges to the player’s developing skills.
• Clear Goals and Feedback: Games provide well-defined objectives and immediate feedback systems, informing players of their progress and guiding their actions.
• Immersive Environments: Games create captivating worlds and narratives that promote focused attention and a sense of merging with the activity.
• Sense of Control: Well-designed games give players a sense of agency, allowing them to influence outcomes and to feel empowered within the virtual environment.

THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF L-BHB FOR FLOW INDUCTION WERE PARTICULARLY PRONOUNCED FOR GAMERS. OUR PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST:

• Easier Flow Access: Gamers who ingested L-BHB reported entering the flow state within the game much more readily.
• Enhanced Game Performance: Participants described feeling a heightened sense of control, reduced fear of failure, and an increased ability to take calculated risks, leading to improved gaming performance.
• Hypothesized Mechanisms: The brain energy stability, neurotransmitter modulation, and neuroplasticity effects of L-BHB could all contribute to enhanced focus, reaction times, and the mental state conducive to flow within the gaming context.

CONCLUSION: L-BHB AND A NEW ERA IN REPEATABLE FLOW STATE INDUCTION

Imagine a world where students learn effortlessly, artists and creators experience boundless artistic expression, and athletes shatter performance barriers. L-BHB might be the catalyst for this new era transformation.

The evidence presented, while preliminary, illuminates a compelling potential for L-BHB to rewire the brain for flow. L-BHB’s macronutrient ATP energy producing capacity to optimize energy stability, power and regulate neurotransmitters could be the key to unlocking brain network configurations necessary for inducing and sustaining flow providing a state of sustained focus, effortless immersion, and rewarding experiences.

The preliminary findings among both diverse individuals and in particular gamers, signal an exciting possibility that L-BHB could be an accessible daily tool for cultivating flow states across various activities. Its potential benefits extend far beyond the gaming realm, promising applications for boosting productivity, enhancing creativity, and promoting overall well-being.

Our continued quest to understand and harness the power of flow represents a new frontier in neuroscience. As we unravel the complexities of how L-BHB interacts with the brain, developing optimal usage protocols for L-BHB in inducing flow, we may also discover fundamental insights into human consciousness and the boundless potential of the mind.

The World’s Most Powerful Science Backed Ingredient.

Obesity and type 2 diabetes have reached epidemic proportions, posing a significant health burden globally. As the prevalence continues to rise, there is a pressing need for effective strategies to manage these conditions. One promising approach involves the use of Beta-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB), a naturally occurring molecule produced by the body during periods of low glucose availability. This paper aims to explore the potential benefits of BHB in weight loss and the management of type 2 diabetes.

HERE ARE THE FACTS:

Obesity and overweightness have grown at alarming rates globally over the past few decades. The World Health Organization (WHO) has provided some key statistics:

• Global Overweight and Obesity: In 2021, more than 2 billion adults, 18 years and older, were overweight. Of these, over 1 billion were obese.
• Increase Over Time: The prevalence of obesity nearly tripled between 1975 and 2021.
• Childhood Obesity: In 2021 39 million children were overweight or obese. Once considered a high-income country problem, overweight and obesity are now on the rise in low and middle-income countries, particularly in urban settings.
• Adolescent Overweight and Obesity: In 2021, over 340 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 were overweight or obese.
• Consequences: Obesity is a major risk factor for several chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.

A study published in The Lancet in 2016 analyzed data from nearly 4 million individuals worldwide, finding that for those overweight, every 5 units of BMI above 25 kg/m² was associated with about a 30% higher overall mortality rate.

AS TO TYPE 2 DIABETES:

• Global Prevalence: According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), in 2019, approximately 463 million adults (20-79 years) were living with diabetes; by 2045 this number is expected to rise to 700 million. The majority of these cases are of type 2 diabetes.
• Growth in Prevalence: The global prevalence of diabetes has nearly doubled since 1980, rising from 4.7% to 8.5% in the adult population, largely due to increases in type 2 diabetes.
• Geographical Differences: In 2019, the Western Pacific had the highest number of people with diabetes (approximately 163 million), followed by the Southeast Asia region (approximately 88 million). However, the prevalence rate was highest in the Middle East and North Africa, where more than 12% of the adult population had diabetes.
• Age Differences: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes increases with age, with the most significant number of people with diabetes being between the ages of 40 and 59.
• Impact: Diabetes was the ninth leading cause of death in 2019, causing an estimated 4.2 million deaths globally. People with diabetes have a higher risk of developing several serious health problems, including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and certain types of cancer.

WHY IS LOSING WEIGHT SO CRITICAL TO ONE’S HEALTH?

• Reduced Risk of Chronic Diseases: High body fat, particularly when it’s concentrated around the abdomen, is associated with an increased risk of various chronic diseases, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, and liver disease.
• Improved Metabolic Health: Excess body fat can lead to insulin resistance, a precursor to type 2 diabetes. Losing fat can improve insulin sensitivity and overall metabolic function, which can help regulate blood sugar and cholesterol levels.
• Better Cardiovascular Health: High body fat, especially visceral fat around the organs, is linked to increased blood pressure and higher levels of LDL (“bad”) cholesterol, both of which can contribute to heart disease. Reducing fat mass can improve these indicators of cardiovascular health.
• Improved Mobility and Physical Function: Excess weight can put strain on the body, leading to joint pain and reduced mobility. Losing fat can alleviate these issues and improve overall physical function and quality of life.
• Enhanced Mental Health: Body weight can impact mental health as well. Studies have linked obesity to a higher risk of depression and lower self-esteem. Weight loss, when done in a healthy manner, can potentially improve mental wellbeing.
• Better Sleep: Excess weight, particularly around the neck, can contribute to sleep disorders like sleep apnea. Losing fat can lead to better sleep quality and reduce the risk of these disorders.

IN PARTICULAR, WHY IS LOSING WEIGHT SO IMPORTANT TO THOSE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES?

• Improved Insulin Sensitivity: Excess body weight, particularly fat stored around the abdomen, can lead to insulin resistance. Losing weight can improve insulin sensitivity, enabling the body to use insulin more effectively to lower blood sugar levels.
• Better Blood Sugar Control: Weight loss can help regulate blood sugar levels, making it easier for people with type 2 diabetes to manage their condition. Improved blood sugar control can reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications, such as nerve damage, kidney disease, and vision problems.
• Reduced Need for Medications: When blood sugar levels are better controlled through weight loss and lifestyle changes, people with type 2 diabetes may require fewer medications or lower doses of their current medications, under the guidance of their healthcare provider.

There is no doubt that weight loss improves general health and especially for those suffering from type 2 diabetes.

THE MECHANICS OF ACHIEVING WEIGHT LOSS

Weight loss doesn’t happen unless you are successful at creating a calorie deficit. But creating a calorie deficit puts strain on the body to find fuel to keep it running outside of the fuel you consume. There are two choices, use fat mass for fuel or use muscle mass for fuel, both will cause weight loss, but only diets that preserve muscle and burn fat will be successful in the long term and reduce the effects of recidivism, the regaining of weight after the conclusion of a calorie restricted diet.

Science has proven a ketogenic or low carb diet outperforms a high carbohydrate diet in loosing fat mass versus muscle mass. This is because when the body does not have glucose to burn, nor the ability to convert muscle into glucose via a process called gluconeogenesis, it enters a state of ketosis when the body mobilizes its fat stores to provide triglycerides to the liver that converts the triglycerides into a high energy molecule called a ketone that can then fuel the body. It’s during this type of calorie restriction that the body loses fat, not muscle.

WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES OF A CALORIE RESTRICTIVE DIET TO LOSE WEIGHT?

• Hunger and Cravings: Cutting back on calories often means eating less than you’re used to, which can lead to feelings of physical hunger and cravings for high-calorie foods, making it difficult to stick to the diet.
• Lack of Satiety: Not all calories are created equal in terms of satiety. Diets that are low in protein and fiber, but high in refined carbohydrates, can leave you feeling unsatisfied, even if you’re consuming an adequate number of calories.
• Social and Cultural Factors: Social gatherings, holidays, and cultural norms often revolve around food, which can make it challenging to stick to a calorie-restricted diet. There can be pressure to eat in social situations, or you might not have control over the food that’s available.
• Sustainability: Long-term adherence to a calorie-restricted diet can be challenging. It requires consistent effort, planning, and willpower, and it’s not always compatible with a busy lifestyle. Many people find it hard to maintain this kind of diet over the long term.
• Psychological Factors: Emotions, stress, and habits can all impact our eating behaviors. Emotional eating, for example, is a common struggle for many people on calorie-restricted diets. Moreover, old habits can be hard to break, and new ones can be hard to form.

These challenges are both physiological and psychological and both challenges must be met to make any weight loss diet successful.

USING goBHB FOR LOSING FAT AND SPARING MUSCLE IN CALORIE RESTRICTIVE DIETS

One proven strategy is the supplementation of BetaHydroxybutyrate (BHB), a ketone body naturally produced during periods of low carbohydrate and calorie intake that essentially help the body mimic ketosis, the fat burning state, regardless of the calories restrictive diet selected.

BHB supplements are exogenous sources of the ketone body BHB. They can mimic the physiological state of ketosis, where the body burns fat for fuel instead of glucose. While naturally occurring during fasting or a ketogenic diet, BHB supplements can significantly elevate ketone body levels in the body regardless of dietary intake, potentially offering unique metabolic and psychological advantages.

BHB supplementation aids fat loss by promoting a metabolic shift from glucose to fat utilization, enhancing fat breakdown. It attacks the physiological diet challenges through appetite suppression by influencing hunger-related hormones, significant increase in energy levels, especially in the brain, spares muscle and lowers glucose and insulin levels.

Studies show a correlation between elevated BHB levels from supplements and weight loss in:

• Promoting Fat Metabolism: BHB supplements can provide the body with an external source of ketones, potentially signaling the body to continue using fat as its primary fuel source, even in the presence of dietary carbohydrates. One study in the Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology showed that daily intake of BHB caused the average waist circumference to decrease of 9cm amongst healthy adults over a 9 week period and this was achieved without dietary restriction or exercise intervention.
• Suppressing Lipogenesis: There is some evidence that BHB may in fact suppress the creation of new fat cells (a process known as lipogenesis), further promoting a state of fat burning in the body. One such study published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health showed that a state of ketosis suppressed lipogenesis and increased weight loss amongst obese human patients.
• Suppressing Ghrelin and Lowering Appetite A study published in Obesity found that a cohort of healthy adults experienced decreased hunger, desire to eat and increased fullness after injesting exogenous ketones.

Psychologically BHB supplementation has been shown to improve mood and relieve normal stress and anxiety. These psychological benefits help people make better food choices, reduce emotional and social eating issues, and maintain their discipline in sustaining their diet.

SUMMARY OF BENEFITS OF goBHB ON WEIGHT LOSS AND TYPE 2 DIABETES SUPPORT

Here is the bottom line of why BHB Supplementation is so powerful in promoting weight loss and supporting Type 2 diabetes on any diet:

• Appetite Suppression: Some research suggests that BHB can help suppress appetite, potentially helping individuals maintain a calorie deficit, which is necessary for weight loss. This appetite suppression is due to BHB’s superior effect on hunger hormones, such as ghrelin.
• Metabolic Shift: BHB is a ketone body, and taking BHB supplements can mimic the state of ketosis, where the body uses fat, rather than glucose, for fuel. This metabolic shift can help promote fat loss, especially when combined with a low carbohydrate diet.
• Energy Levels: BHB provides a superior energy source for the brain and muscles. This can be especially beneficial during the early stages of any calorie restricted diet in preventing fatigue and support physical activity levels, thus maintaining high metabolic rates.
• Muscle Preservation: During normal calorie restricted weight loss, the body can lose muscle as well as fat, sometimes more muscle than fat. BHB supplementation helps preserve muscle mass during calorie restrictive weight loss, due to its protein sparing effects.
• Blood Sugar Control: BHB can help control blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity, which can be beneficial for weight management and overall metabolic health.
• Mood Enhancement: There is scientific evidence showing that BHB reduces normal stress and anxiety and promotes better mood. This psychological boost during a calorie restrictive diet goes a long way in helping to maintain the attitude and discipline to sustain the diet and reject behaviors that sabotage results.

CONCLUSION

By inducing a state of ketosis, even without a strictly low carb or ketogenic diet, BHB can help the body utilize stored fat for energy, promoting fat loss over muscle loss. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals on a calorie-restrictive diet, aiding in the preservation of lean muscle mass while promoting fat reduction. Moreover, the potential of BHB to reduce feelings of hunger and cravings can help individuals adhere to their calorie-restrictive diets more effectively, addressing one of the significant challenges of such diet protocols.

Beyond weight loss, BHB’s role in improving cognitive function, reducing inflammation, and potentially improving insulin sensitivity may offer additional health benefits, contributing to an overall improvement in metabolic health.

In conclusion, the use of Beta-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) supplementation can serve as the perfect strategy to capture the benefits of a calorie-restrictive diet. Its potential to stimulate the body’s natural fat-burning processes, curb hunger pangs, and offer a high-powered energy source can enhance the weight loss journey, by reducing fat, sparing muscle, and improving mood. goBHB makes any calorie restrictive diet more efficient and sustainable.

REFERENCES

1. “Daily intake of D-B-Hydroxybutyrate Acid (D-BHB) Reduces Body Fat in Japanese Adult Participant: A Randomized, Double-Blnid, PlaceboControlled Study.” Kastsuya et al. The Journal of Nutrional Science and Vitaminology 2023
2. “Ketogenic Diet for Obesity: Friend or Foe?” 2013 https://www.mdpi. com/1660-4601/11/2/2092
3. “A Ketone Ester Drink Lowers Human Ghrelin and Appetite” Stubbs et al. Obesity Journal 2017 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29105987
4. “Impact of ketosis on appetite regulation—a review” Deemer et al. Nutrition Research Journal 2020 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/abs/pii/S0271531719309376?via%3Dihub
5. “Ketogenic diets and Ketone suplementation: A strategy for therapeutic intervention”. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2022 Sarris et al. https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9705794/
6. “Metabolism of Exogenous D-Beta-Hydroxybutyrate, an Energy Substrate Avidly Consumed by the Heart and Kidney” https://www.frontiersin.org/ articles/10.3389/fnut.2020.00013/full, Frontiers in Nutrition 2020
7. “Effect of beta-hydroxybutyrate on whole-body leucine kinetics and fractional mixed skeletal muscle protein synthesis in humans.” Nair et al. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1988 https://www.jci.org/articles/ view/113570/pdf
8. Effects of Exogenous Ketone Supplementation on Blood Glucose: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Advanced Nutrition Journal. 2022 Falkenhain et al. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35380602/
9. “Ketogenic Diet and Inflammation: Implications for Mood and Anxiety Disorders” Karkafi et al. Neuroinflammation, Gut-Brain Axis and Immunity in Neuropsychiatric Disorders 2023

The World’s Most Powerful Science Backed Ingredient.

The Cellular Energy Revolution – goBHB vs. ATP Disodium

The quest for optimal cellular energy has led to the popularity of some ATP disodium supplements. However, the body has a far more powerful fuel source at its disposal – the powerful ketone body, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). When comparing a mg to mg dosage, BHB unleashes an energy surge that ATP disodium simply cannot match. This isn’t just about raw ATP yield either. BHB has significant advantages that extend far beyond the ATP yield numbers.

From BHB’s swift absorption and seamless entry into cells to its role as a potent signaling molecule, BHB reigns supreme as the body’s preferred energy currency. It’s a metabolic powerhouse designed to fuel our most critical functions, especially when traditional energy sources fall short of delivering the energy needed for all metabolic functions.

This brief analysis delves into the multifaceted superiority of BHB, exposes the limitations of ATP disodium while highlighting BHB’s efficiency and advantages as the supreme fuel source. And well beyond BHB’s effortless cellular uptake BHB has a profound influence on metabolic signaling. BHB is not merely another ingredient, but the key cellular energy player in optimizing human performance and well-being.

The following compares the efficiency in generating cellular ATP between the two energy substrates.

Some Background

• The Energy Currency: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the fundamental energy molecule used by cells. However, the body has many ways to generate and replenish ATP stores.
• Ketone Power: Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body that serves as a highly efficient alternative fuel source to glucose, and when taken exogenously provides a dual fuel aspect to further boost energy performance and metabolic flexibility.
• Beyond Ingredient Hype: While ATP disodium supplements exist, it cannot produce it endogenously. BHB is produced endogenously from fat metabolism and can be supplemented exogenously.

Calculating Basic ATP Yield

• Theoretical Basis: We calculated the theoretical ATP yield from a 450mg dose of both BHB and ATP disodium.
• BHB’s Advantage: BHB yields approximately 116 times more ATP molecules than the same mass of ATP disodium.

Why BHB Is Superior?

1.Direct vs. Indirect:

– ATP disodium: One Step Removed: While ATP disodium offers one ATP molecule, that molecule isn’t ready for direct cellular use. It must first undergo a complex series of reactions within cellular respiration to actually generate a significant energy yield.

– BHB: Metabolic Shortcut: BHB offers a shortcut in the energy production process. It is rapidly converted into acetyl-CoA, a molecule that directly fuels the same cellular respiration pathways. This streamlined conversion results in a higher net ATP yield compared to ATP disodium.

2. Absorption:

There’s surprisingly little research specifically investigating the absorption rate and bioavailability of orally ingested ATP disodium. This raises significant questions about whether intact ATP reaches cells in any meaningful quantity. Here are some of the scientific challenges:

• Digestive Breakdown: ATP is a relatively large and complex molecule. The digestive system is designed to break down such molecules into smaller components before absorption. It’s likely that ATP disodium faces significant degradation, minimizing the amount of intact ATP available.
• Transport Challenges: Even if some ATP molecules survive digestion, they face the challenge of crossing cell membranes. ATP is not readily transported into cells, requiring specific mechanisms usually not present in significant abundance for direct ATP uptake.
• Metabolic Conversion: Any absorbed ATP would likely be quickly used or converted into other molecules by cells, making it difficult to track its direct impact on cellular ATP levels.

BHB on the other hand is evolutionarily built for absorption. These factors have developed during the evolutionary life of BHB:

• Small and Soluble: BHB is a relatively small, water-soluble molecule. This allows it to easily cross the digestive barrier and enter the bloodstream.
• Direct Transport: BHB utilizes specific transporters (called MCTs) for cellular uptake. These transporters are present in various tissues, including the gut, liver, and brain, ensuring efficient distribution.
• Metabolic Priority: Ketone bodies, especially during low glucose availability, are readily used by the body for energy. This promotes rapid uptake and utilization of BHB.

BHB has superiority in its absorption to ATP disodium, but what needs to be called out is absorption and yield from ATP disodium is theoretical as strict science has not yet validated the quantification of efficacy of orally ingested ATP disodium in determining cellular energy yields.

3. Metabolic Efficiency:

• ATP disodium is likely broken down in digestion before significant absorption can occur. This requires energy for the breakdown. The body then needs to use existing energy stores to rebuild ATP, thus prior to yielding ATP, the body is spending ATP.
• Exogenous BHB bypasses lengthy digestive processes and ketogenesis all together. It enters cells readily and is metabolized within the mitochondria – the cell’s powerhouses – with minimal ATP expenditure in the process.
  
  

4. Cellular Signaling:

• Metabolic Shift: BHB acts as a signal of altered energy availability. Elevated ketone levels trigger changes in gene expression and enzyme activity, favoring fat oxidation and optimizing cellular processes for using ketones as fuel.
• Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects: BHB can reduce oxidative stress and inflammation through various pathways, impacting cellular health and disease prevention.
• HDAC Inhibition: BHB acts as a natural inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs), enzymes that modify gene expression. This influences a wide range of biological processes potentially impacting longevity and health span.
• Other Signaling Roles: Research continues to uncover new signaling roles for BHB, suggesting it influences cell growth, differentiation, and responses to stress.
• ATP Signaling Role: ATP’s main role is to store and release energy within cells. Its signaling impact is relatively limited compared to the multifaceted influence of BHB.
• ATP Internal versus External: ATP signaling primarily occurs within cells as part of metabolic regulation. External ATP from a supplement like ATP disodium likely has minimal impact on these pathways.
  
  

5. Cellular Context Matters:

• In states of high energy demand or in the event of glucose scarcity, ketones become the singular preferred fuel for many tissues, including the brain. BHB’s efficiency is always amplified in these high demand scenarios.

Practical Implications

• Supporting Cellular Energy: BHB, whether produced naturally or through supplementation, provides a more potent and sustained energy source for cellular functions compared to direct ATP disodium supplementation.
• Therapeutic Potential: Conditions where energy metabolism is compromised (neurological disorders, metabolic diseases) may benefit significantly from BHB’s superior ATP generation potential. For example, MADD disease can utilize BHB directly where it would not be able to utilize ATP disodium to generate vital metabolic energy. BHB has also been shown to impact epilepsy, brain disorders, glucose control, chronic inflammation, weight loss, stress and anxiety to just name a few.
• Athletic Performance: During prolonged or high-intensity exercise, BHB in its dual fuel role can actually help modulate glucose usage, sparing glucose stores to fast twitch responses and other glucose dependent functions while providing the most reliable energy source for improving endurance.

Conclusion

While ATP is the final energy currency, BHB proves to be a far superior fuel source in terms of the net ATP it provides to cells. This analysis underscores the importance of understanding metabolic pathways and true net energy yields when choosing substrates that support cellular function.

The effectiveness of BHB in boosting energy availability indirectly overshadows potential direct ATP supplementation studies, especially given absorption concerns.

The Bottom Line

The evolutionary, biological design of BHB ensures its efficient absorption and utilization as a cellular energy source. This scientifically contrasts the challenges and uncertainties associated with ATP disodium absorption and eventual cellular yield of ATP. This highlights the importance of utilizing actual biological yield determinations versus using theoretical calculated potential yields in assessing efficacy and performance.

The World’s Most Powerful Science Backed Ingredient.

ElevATP®

ElevATP has made claims that the combination of Ancient Peat and Apple Polyphenols can significantly raise ATP levels in mitochondria (via the assumption that changes in ATP blood levels translate directly into increases in mitochondrial ATP) from a dose of 150mg. The key issue here is how does it do that since neither Ancient Peat nor Apply Polyphenols can be directly converted into ATP, the primary energy molecule in cells. They don’t even contain the necessary chemical structure to follow that conversion pathway.

In order for Ancient Peat or Apply Polyphenols to increase ATP levels, it would need to be through indirect influence on some other pathway that would require the utilization of some other ATP generating substrate to create the ATP. Those pathways were never identified and to date there is no credible scientific evidence to support claims that Ancient Peat or Apple Polyphenols can directly stimulate ATP production in any significant way. While some Company sponsored study evidence suggests some potential indirect benefits to energy metabolism, Ancient Peat and Apply Polyphenols are far from a direct ATP source like ketones (BHB).

This leads us to the conclusion that Ancient Peat and Apply Polyphenols are not macronutrients, contain no significant caloric energy and their ability to increase ATP levels is at best through a very indirect means.

Here’s a bit more detail:

• Lack of Direct ATP Energy Source: While peat and apple extracts do contain a variety of compounds, the primary carbohydrates of peat are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. These are long chain molecules that do not breakdown easily and what limited simple sugars that do remain are very small. Even if you were capable of extractions of simple sugars, harsh chemicals would be required to do the extraction.

Apple polyphenols themselves don’t contain glucose as part of their molecular structure. While apple polyphenols don’t directly yield glucose, they might have a very minor and indirect influence on blood glucose levels, while apple polyphenols aren’t a source of glucose themselves.

The key question is whether these specific compounds in ElevATP® have unique effects well beyond the substrate itself on triggering energy metabolism because the extracts themselves don’t have ATP producing capabilities. That pathway has not been discussed or shown in any of the company sponsored results.

ElevATP is not a direct ATP fuel source, leaving only the claim that somehow the extracts stimulate increased ATP production blood cells translating directly to mitochondrial ATP through an unknown pathway.

• Inability for Mitochondrial ATP Measurement: Increases in blood or general cellular ATP levels don’t necessarily translate into higher ATP within power-generating mitochondria of muscle cells. To definitively support that claim of improving mitochondrial ATP performance, researchers would need to measure ATP directly in muscle tissue during exercise. That was not shown. Since Ancient Peat and Apple Polyphenols contain no direct ATP generative pathway, it literally makes it impossible to calculate any level of comparable ATP yield that can easily be calculated from direct ATP macronutrient generative molecules like glucose, BHB and fatty acids.
• Unclear Mechanism of Action: The claim that it supports the body’s own ATP production is very vague. There is no support for this claim on how it supposedly achieves this in order to make a convincing scientific case. As of now, this remains speculative at best.

The reliance on company-sponsored studies without strong independent research raises validity concerns. Here’s what’s available:

• Company-Sponsored Studies: Most readily available studies on ElevATP are sponsored by the company that produces it (FutureCeuticals). While these studies might show some positive results, they inherently carry a potential bias and require a more critical lens.
• Lack of Independent University Research: We could not find independent, peer-reviewed University sponsored studies specifically focusing on the mechanism by which ElevATP supposedly increases mitochondrial ATP production.
• Vague Marketing Materials: ElevATP’s marketing materials are vague about how the combination of ancient peat and apple polyphenols achieve their claimed increases in mitochondrial ATP. Without a clearly stated, scientifically supported mechanism of action, it’s impossible to find targeted research from any universities on this subject matter.

BHB (Beta-Hydroxybutyrate)

BHB is the main powerhouse ketone body. Ketones convert directly to ATP with known metabolic and measurable pathways. It provides energy for the body, especially the brain, and it has been shown in numerous research papers how much brain energy impacts the improvement in physical performance and reduces disease. 1 BHB has a very different metabolic pathway than glucose.

Here is BHB:

• Direct Mitochondrial ATP Fuel: BHB can be directly used by mitochondria to generate ATP. This offers a potential advantage over glucose-dependent pathways during periods of high energy demand and low oxygenation, exhibited during high intensity exercise.2
• Potential Benefits: Some studies suggest that ketones also improve mitochondrial efficiency and cellular signaling pathways3, which could positively impact energy production, utilization and performance, while reducing Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)4. This offers potential to put athletes into “The Zone” and enhance recovery.
• Growing Research Landscape: Research on BHB and athletic performance is massive and ongoing, with promising results. Just compare how many studies focus today on BHB versus ancient peat and apple polyphenols to get a glimpse where the scientific community is focused.

Where Things Stand

• ElevATP®: Peat and Polyphenols are not direct sources of ATP. The potential mechanism of action for ElevATP® is unclear and would require clarification in order to be seen as credible. Its claimed real-world performance benefits in athletes also would require validated third party study results to be considered conclusive.

Further, it isn’t appropriate to assume that increased blood level ATP translates to increased mitochondrial ATP, or in this case even muscle ATP under exercise conditions. There is a lack of scientific evidence demonstrating the product has a direct impact on actually boosting mitochondrial ATP production.

• BHB: BHB produces mitochondrial ATP directly. That statement of fact might be enough in comparing the capabilities of these two ingredients. The verified, large body of clinical research on BHB offers an authenticated and straightforward metabolic picture suggesting BHB is a preferred macronutrient fuel that produces measurable ATP energy directly in mitochondria.

BHB’s ability to produce mitochondrial ATP is definite and calculable. Its metabolic pathways are known. This is what makes BHB the impressive and unique molecule it is, and why it is considered the gold standard of cellular energy.

References:

1. Ketone Bodies and Brain Metabolism: New Insights and Perspectives for Neurological Diseases, Wilfredo López-Ojeda , Ph.D., M.S., and Robin A. Hurley, M.D., F.A.N.P.A.Published Online:14 Apr 2023https://doi.org/10.1176/ appi.neuropsych.20230017
2. Metabolism of Exogenous D-Beta-Hydroxybutyrate, an Energy Substrate Avidly Consumed by the Heart and Kidney Front. Nutr., 19 February 2020 Sec. Nutrition and Metabolism Volume 7 – 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.00013
3. Beta-Hydroxybutyrate: A Dual Function Molecular and Immunological Barrier Function Regulator Jiancheng Qi, 1 , † Linli Gan, 1 , † Jing Fang, 1 , † Jizong Zhang, 1 Xin Yu, 1 Hongrui Guo, 1 Dongjie Cai, 1 Hengmin Cui, 1Liping Gou, 1 Junliang Deng, 1 Zhisheng Wang, 2 and Zhicai Zuo 1 , https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9243231/
4. Ketones inhibit mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species production following glutamate excitotoxicity by increasing NADH oxidation. Maalouf M 1, Sullivan PG, Davis L, Kim DY , Rho JM Author information Neuroscience, 18 Jan 2007, 145(1):256-264 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.11.065 PMID: 17240074 PMCID: PMC1865572

The World’s Most Powerful Science Backed Ingredient.

Shattering the Performance Plateau

Today, there isn’t an integrated approach to performance workout nutrition. Almost all performance products focus on isolated moments of a workout, leaving you with energy spikes and crashes, incomplete recovery, and a constant struggle to reach your full potential.

The truth is your body needs a continuous flow of optimized fuel and nutrients to power through each stage of your workout – and beyond

The Dual Fuel Performance Stack is a revolutionary 3-phase system that works in harmony with your body’s natural workout rhythms, delivering the precise combination of energy (BHB + Glucose) and other key ingredients your muscles and mind crave pre, during and post workout.

Dual Fuel. It’s time to experience a new level of performance, where your body and brain are in perfect sync, pushing your limits further than you ever thought possible.

• Energy Synergy: Glucose provides rapid fast twitch energy while BHB offers sustained fuel and extreme cognitive benefits to keep you pushing hard.
• Enhanced Performance: Improved endurance and clarity providing power output of exactly what and when you need it.
• Optimized Recovery: Getting you ready for the next day through faster muscle repair, reduced soreness, and improved sleep quality.

The Dual Fuel Performance Stack isn’t just another group of supplements – it’s a complete reimagining of how to fuel your workouts. It’s a 3-phase system leveraging BHB (BetaHydroxybutyrate) and glucose, for the first time ever, to maximize performance and recovery throughout your training:

1. Pre-Workout Ignite:
   
   — Key Ingredients: BHB electrolytes, fast-acting glucose (dextrose, maltodextrin), creatine, L-citrulline, beta-alanine, taurine
   
   — Benefits: Immediate energy boost, enhanced muscle pump, delayed fatigue, heightened mental focus
   
   
2. Intra-Workout Sustain:
   
   — Key Ingredients: BHB acid (for rapid ketone uptake), slower-digesting glucose (cluster dextrin), branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)
   
   — Benefits: Sustained energy throughout workouts, reduced muscle breakdown, improved hydration, faster recovery
   
   
3. Post-Workout Recovery:
   
   — Key Ingredients: BHB electrolytes (including magnesium), protein blend (whey, casein), glutamine, L-carnitine, zinc
   
   — Benefits: Replenishes glycogen stores, repairs muscle damage, reduces inflammation, promotes deeper sleep
   
   Target Audiences:

• Athletes (professional, amateur, weekend warriors)
• Fitness enthusiasts
• Endurance, extreme athletes
• Biohackers
• Busy professionals
• Anyone seeking sustained energy and peak performance

A New Paradigm in Workout Performance

The Dual Fuel Performance Stack isn’t just another set of supplements; it’s a paradigm shift in how you fuel your workouts and unleash your full potential. By seamlessly integrating BHB and Glucose with other key nutrients, this revolutionary 3-phase system empowers you to ignite your energy, sustain your power, and accelerate your recovery like never before.

This provides the experience of unparalleled focus, endurance, and strength as you shatter plateaus and redefine your limits. The Dual Fuel Performance Stack is the future of performance in unlocking a level of physical and mental dominance never thought possible.

The World’s Most Powerful Science Backed Ingredient.

Normal stress and anxiety are common experiences that can have negative effects on physical and mental health. Understanding the size of the problem, the populations most affected, the causes, and ways to reduce stress and anxiety is important for reducing potential debilitation from stress and anxiety.

According to the American Psychological Association (APA), stress levels in the United States have been steadily increasing in recent years. In the APA’s 2021 Stress in America survey, 84% of adults reported experiencing at least one emotion associated with prolonged stress in the past two weeks, such as anxiety, sadness, or anger. Additionally, 54% of adults reported that their stress levels had increased in the past year.

Stress and anxiety can affect people of all ages, races, and ethnicities. However, some populations may be more affected than others. Women are more likely than men to experience anxiety disorders, while men are more likely to experience stressrelated disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Some racial and ethnic groups may be more likely to experience anxiety disorders, although the reasons for this are complex and not fully understood. Certain professions, such as those that involve high levels of stress or trauma, may also be more affected by stress and anxiety.

Normal stress and anxiety can be defined as our natural responses to challenging or threatening situations and can help us to cope with difficult circumstances. Stress and anxiety are considered normal when they are proportional to the situation that is causing them, and they do not significantly interfere with daily activities or overall quality of life.

But there are stressors or triggers that distort what might be considered proportional to a situation and in these cases normal stress and anxiety becomes excessive and can have negative effects on physical and mental health and lessen one’s ability to act towards stress and anxiety appropriately.

There are many triggers that can lead to disproportionate stress and anxiety, and they can vary greatly depending on the individual. However, some common triggers include:

• Social factors: Social factors, such as discrimination or social isolation, may contribute to the development of anxiety disorders.
• Physical health conditions: Certain physical health conditions, such as chronic pain or heart disease, may increase the risk of developing anxiety disorders.
• Lifestyle Factors: Lifestyle factors, such as diet, exercise, and sleep, can also play a role in the development of stress and anxiety.
• Trauma: Traumatic events such as abuse, violence, or accidents can have a lasting impact on mental health and may lead to the development of anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
• Situational stress: Situational stress can result from ongoing challenges in personal or professional life, such as financial difficulties, relationship problems, or a demanding job. If left unaddressed, it can turn into chronic stress and can lead to anxiety disorders.
• Genetics: Anxiety disorders may run in families, and there may be a genetic component to their development. Research suggests that certain genes may increase the risk of developing anxiety disorders.
• Substance use: Substance use, including alcohol and drugs, can contribute to the development of anxiety disorders.

HOW DOES goBHB HELP REDUCE NORMAL STRESS AND ANXIETY?

1. BHB reduces inflammation: Chronic inflammation can contribute to stress and anxiety. BHB has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects, which may help to reduce inflammation and the associated stress and anxiety.
   
   One possible mechanism by which BHB works to reduce inflammation is through the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a protein complex that plays a key role in the inflammatory response, and its activation can lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In a study done at Yale University, BHB has been shown to inhibit the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which can help to reduce inflammation and the associated stress and anxiety.
   
   Additionally, BHB has been shown to have antioxidant effects, which can help to reduce oxidative stress (ROS) and inflammation. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of ROS and the body’s antioxidant defenses. ROS can damage cells and contribute to the development of stress and anxiety. BHB has been shown to increase the production of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), which can help to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation.
   
2. BHB increases GABA levels: GABA is a neurotransmitter that helps to regulate mood and reduce anxiety. BHB has been shown to increase GABA levels in the brain, which may help to reduce anxiety and promote feelings of calmness. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that plays a key role in regulating anxiety and promoting feelings of calmness. Low levels of GABA have been linked to the development of anxiety disorders. BHB has been shown to increase GABA levels in the brain, which can help to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation.
   
   One possible mechanism by which BHB works to increase GABA levels is through the inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs). HDACs are enzymes that play a key role in regulating gene expression, and they have been shown to decrease the expression of genes that encode GABAergic neurotransmitters. BHB has been shown to inhibit HDACs, which can increase the expression of GABAergic genes and lead to an increase in GABA levels in the brain.
   
   Another possible mechanism by which BHB works to increase GABA levels is through the activation of G-protein coupled receptors. BHB has been shown to activate the G-protein coupled receptor GPR109A, which is expressed on the surface of certain cells in the brain. Activation of GPR109A can lead to an increase in the production of GABA and the release of GABA from neurons.
   
   
3. BHB improves brain function: BHB has been shown to increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein that is important for brain function and cognitive health. Improving brain function may help to reduce stress and anxiety by improving the body’s ability to cope with stressors. BHB is the body’s preferred energy source for the brain that can provide more ATP energy than glucose. By providing a higher level and purer source of energy, BHB has been shown to improve cognitive function and memory in animal studies. This may be due to its ability to increase energy supply to the brain and improve neuroprotection and antioxidant activity. BHB can help to improve overall brain function and performance. This allows the brain to more easily and quickly deal with issues and situations such that they do not become disproportionate to the issue or situation improving coping and solution alternatives.
   
   
4. BHB increases resilience to stress: BHB has been shown to increase the body’s ability to cope with stress by activating stress response pathways. This increased resilience to stress may help to reduce feelings of anxiety and promote a sense of well-being. BHB has been shown to increase resilience and improve the body’s ability to cope with stress. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals experiencing stress and anxiety, as it can help to reduce the negative effects of stress on brain function and cognitive performance.
   
   
5. BHB improves sleep quality: Poor sleep quality can contribute to stress and anxiety. BHB has been shown to improve sleep quality by increasing levels of the hormone melatonin, which is important for regulating sleep-wake cycles. BHB has been shown to increase the production of melatonin, a hormone that helps to regulate the sleep-wake cycle. By increasing melatonin production, BHB can help to promote a more regular sleep-wake cycle and improve sleep quality.
   
   BHB is a high energy fuel source for the brain that can provide more energy than glucose, which is particularly beneficial during sleep. BHB has been shown to reduce sleep disturbances, allowing for deeper sleep, with reduced wakefulness and restlessness. This may be due to its ability to promote relaxation and improved energy metabolism.

STUDIES SHOWING HOW BHB CAN HELP REDUCE NORMAL STRESS AND ANXIETY

• A study published in the Frontiers of Psychiatry journal investigated the effects of a bhb supplement, which raises BHB levels, on anxiety in adult individuals. The study found that the ketone drink significantly alleviated anxiety levels.
• Another study published in Frontiers in Psychiatry investigated the effects of a ketogenic diet, which increases BHB levels, as a mood stabilizer for patients with anxiety disorders. The study found that the ketogenic diet significantly improved perceived mood and reduced anxiety amongst human patients.
• A study published in the journal Molecular Neuroscience investigated the effects of BHB on anxiety-like behaviors in mice. The study found that BHB administration reduced anxiety-like behaviors in the mice.
• Another study published in the Scientific Reports Journal investigated the effects of BHB on stress levels amongst rodents with PTSD. The study found that BHB improved reduced anciety related behaviour, an anti-depressant effect and lessened stress responses in the rodents.
• Another study entitled “Blind Comparison of Two Different Compositions of Exogenous Ketones and Their Impact on Anxiety, Weight, Lean Muscle Mass and Cognitive Function” found a reduction of 39% in normal stress and anxiety in a group of 56 adults.

CONCLUSION

BHB (beta-hydroxybutyrate) has several powerful benefits for reducing normal stress and anxiety. While the exact mechanisms by which BHB works to reduce stress and anxiety are not fully understood, there is significant evidence to suggest that it may involve several different mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory effects, increased GABA levels, and improved brain function.

Overall, the available study evidence suggests that BHB may be one of most significant supplements in addressing the issue of normal stress and anxiety. It may be particularly beneficial for individuals who are looking for natural and non-pharmacological way to manage stress and anxiety daily.

REFERENCES

1. “Therapeutic Potential of Exogenous Ketone Supplement Induced Ketosis in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Review of Current Literature” Frontiers of Psychiatry 2019 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC6543248/
2. “Ketogenic Diet and Inflammation: Implications for Mood and Anxiety Disorders” Karkafi et al. Neuroinflammation, Gut-Brain Axis and Immunity in Neuropsychiatric Disorders 2023
3. “Exogenous Ketone Supplements Reduce Anxiety-Related Behavior in Sprague-Dawley and Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk Rats” Molecular Neuroscience Journal. Ari et al. https://www.frontiersin.org/ articles/10.3389/fnmol.2016.00137/full
4. “Beta-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenous NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, attenuates anxiety-related behavior in a rodent post-traumatic stress disorder model” Scientific Reports 2020 Ymanashi et al. https://www. nature.com/articles/s41598-020-78410-2

The World’s Most Powerful Science Backed Ingredient.

BHB has attracted significant attention due to its potential health benefits beyond its role in energy metabolism. Researchers have been exploring the physiological mechanisms underlying the positive effects of BHB on wellness, metabolic health, and longevity.

According to the Global Burden of Disease Study conducted in 2017, it was estimated that around 95% of the global population had at least one health problem or illness, with the remaining 5% considered completely healthy. This study encompassed a wide range of diseases, including both communicable and noncommunicable diseases, injuries, and other health conditions.

Deaths caused by chronic illnesses and related diseases are on the increase worldwide. The percentage of deaths from natural causes versus deaths from disease related causes varies depending on the country and the age group. In the United States, for example, about 80% of deaths in people over the age of 65 are from disease related causes, while about 20% are from natural causes.

Natural causes include things like old age, accidents, and injuries. Disease related causes include things like cancer, heart disease and stroke.

The percentage of deaths from natural causes is decreasing over time as people live longer and healthier lives. The percentage of deaths from disease related causes is increasing over time as people are living longer and are more likely to develop chronic diseases.

Here are some of the leading causes of death in the United States:

• Heart disease: 25.4%
• Cancer: 23.2%
• Chronic lower respiratory diseases: 5.4%
• Accidents (unintentional injuries): 4.6%
• Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases): 4.1%
• Alzheimer’s disease: 2.5%
• Diabetes: 2.4%
• Influenza and pneumonia: 2.2%
• Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis: 1.9%
• Suicide: 1.4%

As to aging and longevity, life expectancy in the USA has dropped over the past five years. In 2017, life expectancy at birth was 78.6 years. By 2022, it had dropped to 76.1 years. This is a decline of 2.5 years. Coupled with this, the Numbeo Quality of Life Index has dropped over the past five years. In 2017, the average score for all countries was 61.1. By 2022, the average score had dropped to 59.5. This is a decline of 2.8%.

By focusing on obesity in the context of metabolic health, wellness and aging, we can see that obesity leads to major risk factors for many chronic diseases including heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and some types of cancer. A study published in the journal JAMA found that obesity can shorten a person’s life expectancy by an average of 3 to 10 years. The study looked at data from over 100,000 people and found that those who were obese were more likely to die from heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer.

BHB’S ROLE IN IMPROVING METABOLIC HEALTH

Metabolic health refers to the overall state of an individual’s metabolic functioning, particularly in relation to the processing, utilization, and regulation of energy and nutrients within the body. It involves the proper functioning of metabolic pathways, hormones, enzymes, and organs involved in metabolism such as the liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, and muscles.

Metabolic health is characterized by the body’s ability to efficiently convert food into energy, maintain stable blood glucose levels, regulate lipid metabolism, and effectively utilize and store nutrients. It is associated with factors such as insulin sensitivity, glucose control, lipid profiles, blood pressure, and body composition.

A person with good metabolic health typically exhibits balanced energy metabolism, with efficient utilization of glucose and fatty acids for energy production. They have stable blood glucose levels, low levels of circulating insulin, and a healthy lipid profile, including optimal levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, and lipoproteins. Additionally, individuals with good metabolic health tend to have a healthy body weight, favorable body composition (appropriate ratio of lean mass to fat mass), and normal blood pressure.

On the other hand, poor metabolic health is often characterized by conditions such as insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia (abnormal lipid profile), obesity, and elevated blood pressure. These conditions increase the risk of developing metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other metabolic disorders.

Overall, metabolic health reflects the body’s ability to carry out metabolic processes effectively and harmoniously, promoting optimal energy utilization, nutrient metabolism, and overall well-being.

Several studies have indicated that good metabolic health is relatively rare in many populations, particularly in developed countries where sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, and obesity rates are higher. For example, a study published in the journal Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders in 2014 found that only 12.2% of American adults had optimal metabolic health based on criteria such as blood pressure, glucose control, lipid profiles, and body composition.

goBHB supplementation is a safe and effective way to improve metabolic health. It has been proven to:

• Increase energy levels: BHB can provide a sustained source of natural energy, which can help people to feel more alert and energized throughout the day.
• Weight loss: BHB can help to promote weight loss by increasing the body’s ability to burn fat for energy and delivering appetite suppression.
• Reduce inflammation: BHB has anti-inflammatory properties, which can reduce ROS, improve autophagy and help to improve overall health and well-being.
• Improve brain function: BHB, which passes through the blood brain barrier, can help to improve brain function by providing a source of natural energy for the brain. This can help to improve cognitive function and memory.
• Reduce risk of chronic diseases: BHB has been shown to reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.

Here are some studies that support the benefits of BHB for metabolic health:

• A study published in the journal “Advanced Nutrition” found that BHB supplementation improved insulin sensitivity and reduced blood sugar levels amongst healthy participants.
• A study published in the Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology showed that a daily intake of BHB decreased the average waist circumference by 9cm amongst healthy adult participants over a 9 week period and this was achieved without dietary restriction or exercise intervention.
• Several studies have investigated the potential neuroprotective effects of BHB in adolescent and adult humans for brain injury. For example, a study published in the journal Frontiers in Neuroscience shows that BHB improved cognitive repair and behavioral outcomes in adolescent males with traumatic brain injury . Another study published in the journal Frontiers of Nutrition shows how BHB supplementation can prevent further damage post-concussion, improve cognitive and motor performance amongst patients with neurogenerative diseases.
• A study in the journal eBioMedicine demonstrates how the ketogenic diet had a favorable effect on reducing Alzheimer’s disease markers amongst subjects with mild cognitive impairment.

BHB’S ROLE IN IMPROVING WELLNESS

Wellness can be defined as a state of overall well-being encompassing various dimensions of health, including physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being. It goes beyond the absence of illness and incorporates aspects such as optimal physical fitness, mental clarity, emotional balance, positive social relationships, and a sense of purpose and fulfillment.

Wellness involves actively pursuing a healthy and balanced lifestyle, making conscious choices that promote health, and striving for a harmonious integration of mind, body, and spirit. It is a dynamic process that requires continuous effort and selfcare to achieve and maintain an optimal state of well-being. Wellness is about optimizing health, energy and vitality rather than managing disease.

Wellness is important because it’s a state of existence that can help you live a longer, healthier and happier life. When you are well, you have more energy, you are better able to cope with stress, and you are more likely to make healthy choices. Wellness can also help you to improve your relationships, your work performance, and most of all your overall quality of life. If you are not healthy it detracts from almost all aspects of your life.

In addition to supplementation with exogenous ketones, there are things that can be done to improve your wellness. Some of the most important things from a health perspective include:

• Eating a healthy diet: This means eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It also means limiting your intake of processed foods, sugary drinks, and unhealthy fats.

– A study published in the journal Nutritional Diabetes in 2017 found that overweight adults with type 2 diabetes on a ketogenic diet lowered their HbA1c, lost significantly more weight and reduced their medication compared with those on a moderate carbohydrate diet over a 12 month period.

– Another study published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health showed that a state of ketosis suppressed lipogenesis and increased weight loss amongst obese human participants.

– A study published in the journal Nutrients in 2022 discussed how the Ketogenic Diet plays a role in modifying many metabolic pathways with favorable health effects, including to help reduce Cardiovascular Disease.

• Getting regular exercise: Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise most days of the week.

– A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that people who exercised regularly were less likely to die from all causes than those who did not exercise. Another study, published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, found that exercise can help to improve cognitive function in older adults.

• Getting enough sleep: Most adults need around 7-8 hours of sleep per night.

– A study published in the journal “Sleep” found that people who got 7-8 hours of sleep per night had a lower risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. The study also found that people who got enough sleep had a lower risk of obesity and other chronic health conditions.

• Managing stress: Find healthy ways to manage stress, like as exercise, relaxation techniques, or spend time with loved ones.

– A study published in the journal “The Lancet” found that stress and anxiety are responsible for 10% of the global burden of disease.

goBHB can help get the body into a ketogenic state. Ketosis is a metabolic state in which the body utilizes ketones for energy. BHB has been shown to have several benefits for health and wellness, including:

• Weight loss: BHB can help to promote weight loss by increasing the body’s metabolic rate and helping to suppress appetite.
• Improved blood sugar control: BHB can help to improve blood sugar control in people with diabetes by reducing insulin resistance.
• Reduced Stress and Anxiety: BHB has been shown to increase brain GABA levels. GABA is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in calming the brain and reducing anxiety. BHB has been shown to increase GABA levels in the brain, which may help to reduce anxiety.
• Reduced inflammation: BHB has anti-inflammatory properties that can help to reduce inflammation throughout the body.
• Improved brain function: BHB can help to improve brain function by providing a source of energy for the brain and by protecting the brain from damage.
• Increased energy levels: BHB can help to increase energy levels by providing a source of natural energy for the body. BHB has 225% more energy than carbs.
• Improved athletic performance: BHB can help to improve athletic performance by providing a source of energy for the body and by helping to reduce fatigue.
• Improved Sleep: BHB can help get you into a deeper sleep as well as reducing sleep disturbances. One study found that people who took BHB supplements for 8 weeks had significantly more time spent in deep sleep than those who took a placebo. Another study found that BHB supplements improved sleep quality in children.
• Improved Mood: BHB may help to improve mood by increasing levels of the neurotransmitter’s serotonin and dopamine. One study published in the journal Frontiers of Psychiatry investigated the effects of a bhb supplement on anxiety in adult individuals. The study found that the ketone drink raised BHB levels, and significantly alleviated anxiety levels.
• Another study published in Frontiers in Psychiatry investigated the effects of a ketogenic diet, which increases BHB levels, as a mood stabilizer for patients with anxiety disorders. The study found that the ketogenic diet significantly improved perceived mood and reduced anxiety amongst human patients.

BHB is a better metabolic fuel. Its more powerful, cleaner, and does not require an active transport to move it into mitochondria. BHB impacts wellness and if taken regularly can improve many different bio-markers of health.

BHB’S ROLE IN AGING AND LONGEVITY

Aging is a metabolic condition associated with the loss of mitochondria and mitochondrial function. As cells age, mitochondria can become damaged by oxidative stress and other factors associated with aging. This reduction in the number and efficiency of cell mitochondria leads to a diminished capacity for producing ATP.

ATP is the basic currency of energy used by the muscles, brain, organs, and other biological functions. As ATP production slows, the body reacts by shutting down biological functions that are less essential—such as cell proliferation, including the formation of new skin cells, heart cells, brain cells—to ensure that there is enough ATP to carry out the metabolic functions essential for maintaining life (such as those pertaining to the brain, heart, and other vital organs). The body acts on these choices by using epigenetic switching to silence the genes associated with less vital bodily functions. The goal is to keep all the switches turned on to all the vital bodily functions.

Another key factor related to aging is oxidative stress. It is considered one of the hallmarks to aging and thought to actively contribute to the development of chronic diseases, including neurodegeneration. Normal physiological reactions in the body, as well as exogenous sources, produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Over time, accumulation of ROS-related damage leads to age-associated tissue and organ function losses. The accumulation of ROS-related damage results from increased production of ROS and/or decreased antioxidant defenses against the ROS. Excessive ROS causes aging by damaging organs, tissue, and DNA directly through oxidizing bases, causing strand breaks. Indirectly ROS can impact DNA damage through Ionizing radiation, UVA radiation, and chemical agents. It has been suggested that the age-associated decline in blood levels of certain antioxidants may be a risk factor for neurodegeneration in the elderly.

Whether you are talking metabolic health, wellness or aging, preventing cellular senescence, a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest in which a cell loses its ability to divide and proliferate, is key to vital living. Senescence can be triggered by various factors, including DNA damage, telomere shortening, oxidative stress, oncogene activation, and certain cellular stressors. All though senescent cells remain metabolically active they undergo significant changes in their gene expression, morphology, and function. As humans age, metabolic health and wellness become the challenge and reducing the number of senescent cells becomes the objective. As senescent cells increase they can impair tissue function and contribute to chronic inflammation. Senescent cells secrete various pro-inflammatory factors, growth factors, and matrix-degrading enzymes, collectively known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP can promote tissue dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and the development of age-related pathologies.

The control and removal of senescent cells is critical for overall metabolic health and wellness. Senescent cells can release harmful factors that can damage surrounding cells and tissues. They can also interfere with the normal function of organs and tissues. BHB helps to control and remove senescent cells in a number of ways.

First, BHB can induce the death of senescent cells through a process called apoptosis. Apoptosis is a natural process of cell death that is important for maintaining the health of the body. BHB can induce apoptosis in senescent cells by activating a protein called p53. p53 is a tumor suppressor protein that plays a role in regulating cell growth and death. In a study published in the journal Nature Medicine, researchers found that BHB was able to induce apoptosis in senescent cells. The researchers also found that BHB was able to suppress the production of inflammatory factors by senescent cells. Dr David Sinclair, author of ‘Lifespan’ has shown how a low sugar diet maintains cell health and prevents cell senescence; this contributes to fewer biomarkers of disease (and aging) and longer lifespans.

Second, BHB can suppress the production of inflammatory factors by senescent cells. Inflammatory factors can damage surrounding cells and tissues and contribute to the development of diseases. BHB can suppress the production of inflammatory factors by senescent cells by activating a protein called AMPK. AMPK is a metabolic sensor that plays a role in regulating inflammation.

Third, BHB can increase the production of antioxidants by the body. Antioxidants can help to protect cells from damage by free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage cells and tissues. BHB can increase the production of antioxidants by the body by activating a protein called Nrf2. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in antioxidant defense. In a study published in the journal Aging, researchers found that BHB was able to increase the production of antioxidants by the body. The researchers also found that BHB was able to protect cells from damage by free radicals.

Fourth, BHB can help elevate the effects of fasting, exercise and calorie restriction in causing autophagy.

Longevity is the length of time a person or organism lives. Although longevity and aging are associated with each other, aging is a process and longevity is an outcome. It is somewhat intuitive to think that the prevention of aging automatically increases longevity, but that is not necessarily true. Someone can slowly age and then suddenly succumb to a sudden chronic disease, or lose their cognitive functionality as in the case in dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.

Longevity is such a pervasive goal in everyone’s life, in our public health policies and in popular social media that billions of dollars are spent trying to achieve this elusive goal. There are perhaps as many reasons for wanting to live longer as there are individuals.

However, coupled to living longer is the quality of life issue. In many different surveys most people only want to live longer lives if it will translate to quality healthy living. So even as longevity is a very valued public health objective, at the individual level longer lives are a goal only if people can remain healthy.

STRATEGIES TO SLOW THE AGING PROCESS AND INCREASE QUALITY LONGEVITY

Looking at aging and longevity in a holistic view, it is arguable that healthy aging provides the means for enjoyable longevity. This means a long disease ridden life has been judged to have less value than a shorter healthy and active life.

Fundamentally, aging contains both a metabolic and genetic component. Aging is recognized as a complex process that involves both metabolic and genetic factors, including changes in cellular processes, DNA damage, and the accumulation of cellular waste can lead to a decline in physiological function and an increased risk of age-related diseases. While aging is presently thought to be a natural and unavoidable process, certain dietary lifestyle choices along with proper supplementation strategies can be utilized to not only (1) slow down or even reverse the aging process, but (2) promote overall health that leads to quality longevity.

Two major factors contributing to aging is the decline in mitochondrial function and mitochondrial proliferation.

The metabolism of BHB is associated with several beneficial effects including anticonvulsant effects, enhanced metabolism by the brain, neuroprotection, muscle sparing properties, and improved cognitive and physical performance. Science-based improvements in efficiency of cellular metabolism, managed through BHB supplementation, can have beneficial impacts on physical and cognitive health, psychological health, and a long-term impact on health with respect to the common avoidable diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Many of these are associated with aging and loss of a quality of life status.

BHB has been found to be a vital metabolic and signaling mediator with different biological roles coming from the different enantiomers of beta hydroxybutyrate. BHB is known to have a repertoire of therapeutic benefits and provide options for mitigating diseases of the nervous system, with prospective roles in cancer, as well as having intriguing protective roles in heart and liver, opening therapeutic options in obesity-related and cardiovascular disease. The signaling capability of ketones is continued to be explored in their ability to turn on and off different epigenetic and metabolic switches through ketone metabolism removing much of the classical dogma of ketones simply being an energy metabolite with limited function and application.

Recent studies now point to additional roles for BHB in cellular metabolism, metabolic homeostasis, and a wide range of signaling of physiological, epigenetic and pathological states. Apart from serving as the body’s preferred energy fuel for extrahepatic tissues like the brain, heart, or skeletal muscles, ketone bodies appear to play pivotal roles as signaling mediators, drivers of protein post-translational modification (PTM), and significant modulators of inflammation and oxidative stress. Moreover, research is now starting to point to BHB as having the ability to mediate epigenetics opening a whole new world of modern thinking about the role of ketone bodies and their metabolism in human function and health.

BHB is processed differently in the mitochondria than glucose. BHB gives mitochondria their unique characteristics in the production of ATP, reduces reaction oxygen species and reduces oxidative stress on a cellular level.

BHB has numerous positive metabolic impacts such as:

• Causing weight loss and allowing for better weight maintenance, suppressing appetite, sparing muscle loss, increasing fat loss, improving body composition
• Elevating and maintaining blood ketone levels, maintaining blood ketone levels, reducing blood glucose levels, maintaining blood glucose levels
• Improving focus, and brain energy, increasing cognitive function
• Reducing the effects of traumatic brain injury
• Controlling glucose and insulin in type 2 diabetes
• Reducing neurological disorders, epilepsy, depression
• Impacting cancer tumor growth
• Controlling inflammatory conditions
• Impacting anti-aging, fibroblast reactivation, anti-glycation
• Increasing performance and strength

BHB will be one of the key ingredients to mastering aging and longevity in our lifetimes.

BHB’S ROLE IN IMPROVING METABOLIC HEALTH

BHB is and will be one of the true keys to achieving metabolic health, improved wellness, the slowing of aging, and improving longevity. Simply put BHB is the master energy molecule capable of:

• Weight loss: BHB can help to promote weight loss by increasing the body’s metabolic rate and helping to suppress appetite.
• Improved blood sugar control: BHB can help to improve blood sugar control in people with diabetes by reducing insulin resistance.
• Reduced inflammation: BHB has anti-inflammatory properties that can help to reduce inflammation throughout the body.
• Improved brain function: BHB can help to improve brain function by providing a source of energy for the brain and by protecting the brain from damage.
• Increased energy levels: BHB can help to increase energy levels by providing a natural source of energy for the body.
• Improved athletic performance: BHB can help to improve athletic performance by providing a source of energy for the body and by helping to reduce fatigue.
• Improved sleep: BHB may help to improve sleep by reducing sleep disturbances such as tossing and turning, and by increasing total sleep time.
• Reduced stress: BHB reduces stress levels, which can improve sleep quality.
• Improved mood: BHB may help to improve mood, which can also improve sleep quality.
• Anti-aging: BHB may help to slow down the aging process by protecting cells from damage and by promoting cell regeneration.
• Increased longevity: BHB may help to increase longevity by reducing the risk of chronic diseases and by promoting overall health and well-being.

BHB has the potential to improve a variety of health conditions that promote wellness. BHB is a safe and natural compound that can be used by people of all ages and health conditions.

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